Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Eighth Revised Edition

Main Author : Edited by Medicine National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Division on Earth and Life Studies, 

                Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle

ISBN : 9780309677776

Imprint : National Academies Press

Publication Date : December 2021

Page : 502

Hardcover

Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Eighth Revised Edition

Since 1944, the National Research Council (NRC) has published seven editions of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. This reference has guided nutritionists and other professionals in academia and the dairy and feed industries in developing and implementing nutritional and feeding programs for dairy cattle.

The eighth revised edition of the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle builds on the previous editions. A great deal of new research has been published and there is a large amount of new information for many nutrients. This book represents a comprehensive review of the most recent information available on efficient, profitable, and environmentally conscious dairy cattle nutrition and ingredient composition.

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

SUMMARY

1. DEFINING REQUIREMENTS

Introduction

Reporting and Application of the Requirements

References

2. DRY MATTER INTAKE

Introduction

Physical Limitations

Metabolic Control

Integration of Signals

Equations for Predicting Dry Matter Intake

Feeding Management, Feeding Behavior, and Environmental Factors Affecting Feed Intake

References

3. ENERGY

Energy Units

Energy Values of Feeds

Overall Energy Scheme

Feed Fractions

Estimating the Digestible Energy Value for Feed and Diets

Energy Requirements

References

4. FAT

Introduction

Rumen Metabolism, Digestion, and Absorption

Model Used for Fatty Acid Digestion

Milk Fat Composition

Lactating Cow Responses to Dietary Fat

Dietary Fat Interventions and Reproduction

Dairy Fat and Human Health and Possible Modification of Milk Fat

Summary

References

5. CARBOHYDRATES

Introduction

Neutral Detergent Fiber

Neutral Detergent-Soluble Carbohydrates

Ruminal and Total-Tract Digestion

Prediction of Ruminal Carbohydrate Digestibility

Physically Effective Neutral Detergent Fiber

Recommendations

References

6. PROTEIN

Introduction

Major Differences from the Previous Version 

Metabolizable Protein and Amino Acid Supply

Postabsorptive Use of Metabolizable Protein and Amino Acid

Posting the Recommendations for Metabolizable Protein and Amino Acid

Protein and Dry Matter Intake

Effects of Protein on Reproduction

Urea Recycling and Energy Cost

References

7. MINERALS

Macrominerals

Microminerals

References

8. VITAMINS

Introduction

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Water-Soluble Vitamins

References

9. WATER

Introduction

Pools of Body Water

Water Balance

Water Losses

Water Quality

References

10. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF THE YOUNG CALF

Introduction

Body Weight Conversions

Dry Matter Intake

Energy Requirements of Calves

Effects of Sources of Energy

Protein Requirements

Calculation of Metabolizable Energy Values of Feeds

Validation of Model with Experimental Data

Energy and Protein Requirements for Calves

Mineral and Vitamin Requirements of Calves

Practical Feeding Considerations

Other Aspects of Calf Nutrition

References

11. GROWTH

Introduction

Energy and Protein Requirements for Growing Dairy Heifers

Effects of Plane of Nutrition on Future Milk Production

Total Requirements for Metabolizable Energy and Metabolizable Protein

Target Body Weights at Breeding and Calving

Predicting Gain from Available Metabolizable Energy and Metabolizable Protein

Heifer Growth Programs

Model Limitations and Research Needs

References

12. DRY AND TRANSITION COWS

Metabolic and Physiologic Status of the Transition Cow

Nutrient Requirements for Pregnancy and Transition

Etiology and Nutritional Prevention of Metabolic Disorders

References

13. DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Group Housed with Total Mixed Rations

Pasture-Based Systems

Feeding and Automatic Milking Systems

Organic Dairy Systems

Genetically Engineered Crops and Dairy Cattle

References

14. DAIRY CATTLE NUTRITION AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Introduction

Methane

Nitrogen

Volatile Organic Compounds

Integrated Approaches

Minerals

Total Manure

References

15. FEED BY-PRODUCTS

Introduction

Poorly Digestible Fiber

Digestible Energy

Protein Feeds

Energy/Protein By-Products

References

16. FEED ADDITIVES

Introduction

Ionophores

Yeast and Direct-Fed Microbials

Silage Inoculants

Enzymes

Essential Oils and Other Phytonutrients

References

17. AGENTS THAT ARE TOXIC TO DAIRY CATTLE

Introduction

Plant Secondary Compounds and Toxic Agents Produced in Plants

Mycotoxins

Microbes as Toxic Agents in Feed or Water

Prions

References

18. FEED ANALYSIS

Introduction

Chemical and Physical Analyses

Digestion Analyses

References

19. NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF FEEDS

Introduction

Source of Data

Statistical Analysis and Generation of Data

References

20. MODEL DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION

Model Abbreviations and Units

Model Inputs

Nutrient Supply Model

Nutrient Utilization and Animal Production

Model Evaluations

Model Variance Relative to Animal Performance and Diet Specifications

Model Application in R

References

21. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT TABLES

APPENDIXES

A STATEMENT OF TASK

B ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

C COMMITTEE MEMBER BIOGRAPHIES