Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, 3rd Edition

Editors: Melissa Dyson, Paulin Jirkof, Jennie Lofgren, Elizabeth Nunamaker, Daniel Pang

No. of pages: 788

Published: May 17, 2023

Imprint: Academic Press

Hardback ISBN: 9780128222157

Description

Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals focuses on the special anesthetic, analgesic and postoperative care requirements associated with experimental interventions. Fully revised and updated, this new edition provides the reader with agents, methods and techniques for anesthesia and analgesia that ensure humane, reproducible, and successful procedural outcomes. Sections cover ethical, regulatory and scientific considerations, principles of anesthesia and analgesia, anesthetic equipment and monitoring, periprocedural care, including dedicated chapters to the assessment and management of pain in laboratory species, and practical considerations by species, including relevant anatomy, physiology, and behavior of a broad range of lab animal species.

This will be a complete reference for veterinarians involved in lab animal research as well as senior graduate, graduate students, post-docs and researchers who utilize animals in biomedical research.

Key features

Provides researchers with the most comprehensive and up-to-date review of the use of anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory animals

Includes complete coverage of agents' impact in research outcomes

Thoroughly updated with new material on ferrets, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and cephalopods

Covers hot topic areas such as pain research, ethical issues, legal issues and imaging studies

Readership

Veterinary, senior graduate, graduate students, post-docs, and researchers who utilize animals in biomedical research, Medical Students

Table of contents

Cover image

Title page

Table of Contents

American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine Series

Copyright

Contributors

Preface

Abbreviations

Section I. Ethical, regulatory, and scientific considerations

Chapter 1. Ethics

I. Introduction

II. Consequentialist ethics in laboratory animal use

III. Minimizing harms and maximizing pleasures for animals in laboratories

IV. The Three Rs approach to minimizing harms to animals

V. Justifying harms to animals, beyond the Three Rs

VI. Veterinarians as anesthesia and analgesia experts and advocates: responsibilities and authority

VII. Significant unalleviated pain and distress (Category E experiments)

VIII. Ethics of uncertainty

IX. Critical anthropomorphism

X. Conclusion

Chapter 2. Regulatory issues

I. Introduction

II. Regulations, standards, and policies on humane animal care in the United States

III. Drug enforcement regulations and policies

IV. Occupational health and safety considerations

V. International considerations

Chapter 3. Optimizing anesthesia and analgesia for specific research projects

I. General implications of anesthesia and analgesia on study design

II. Specific implications of anesthesia and analgesia on study design

III. Conclusions

Section II. Principles of anesthesia and analgesia

Chapter 4. Injectable anesthetics

I. Introduction

II. γ-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists

III. NMDA-antagonists

IV. Miscellaneous agents

V. Anesthetic combinations

VI. Injectable anesthetic delivery systems

Chapter 5. Tranquilizers, sedatives, local anaesthetics and antimuscarinic agents

I. Tranquilizers and sedatives

II. Local anesthetics

III. Muscarinic antagonists

IV. Conclusion

Chapter 6. Inhalant anesthetics and safety

I. Veterinary pharmacology of inhalation anesthetics

II. Single circuit and multi circuit design

III. Vaporizers

IV. Anesthesia machines and workstations

V. Induction chambers

VI. Choosing inhalants for research

VII. Waste anesthetic gas

VIII. Summary and conclusions of waste anesthetic gas

Chapter 7. Pharmacology of Analgesics

I. Introduction

II. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

III. Opioids

IV. α2-adrenergic agonists

V. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists

VI. Gabapentinoids

VII. Future prospects

Chapter 8. Neuromuscular blocking agents

I. Introduction

II. Indications for use of neuromuscular blocking agents

III. Contraindications for use of NMBA

IV. Welfare implications of using neuromuscular blocking agents

V. Neuromuscular junction anatomy and physiology

VI. Mechanism of action of NMBA

VII. Clinical use and monitoring

VIII. Monitoring of neuromuscular function

IX. Clinical pharmacology and use of reversal agents

X. Future and upcoming agents

Section III. Anesthetic equipment and monitoring

Chapter 9. Anesthesia delivery systems

I. Introduction

II. Anesthesia machine

III. Patient interface

Chapter 10. Monitoring of anesthesia

I. Introduction

II. Monitoring of the anesthetized patient

III. Special circumstances

IV. Summary and conclusions

Section IV. Periprocedural care

Chapter 11. General care: periprocedural management considerations for research animals

I. Introduction

II. Oversight, planning, and organization

III. Medical recordkeeping and veterinary care

IV. Interventions for care and well-being

V. Humane endpoint considerations

Chapter 12. Pain assessment in laboratory species

I. Introduction

II. Types of pain

III. Why prevent pain?

IV. Pain assessment

V. Pain assessment methods

VI. Challenges in assessment of pain

VII. Documentation and record-keeping

VIII. Summary

Chapter 13. Basic considerations for pain management in laboratory animals

I. Rationale for pain mitigation

II. Considerations for prescription of analgesia

III. Nonpharmacological treatments for pain

IV. Operational aspects of pain management

Section V. Practical considerations by species

Chapter 14. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory rodents

I. Introduction

II. Pre-procedural considerations

III. Anesthesia

IV. Historic anesthetic regimens used for special purposes

V. Use of neuromuscular blocking agents and antagonists

VI. Anesthesia for specific situations

VII. Post-procedural recovery and care

VIII. Analgesia

Chapter 15. Anesthesia and analgesia in rabbits

I. Introduction

II. Preoperative considerations

III. Anesthesia

IV. Anesthetic circuits, monitoring and support

V. Postoperative analgesia

Chapter 16. Anesthesia, restraint and analgesia in laboratory fishes

I. Introduction

II. Preprocedural considerations

III. Restraint

IV. Analgesia, anesthesia and balanced anesthesia

V. Postprocedural recovery and care

VI. Pain and welfare assessment

Chapter 17. Anesthesia and analgesia in laboratory pigs

I. Introduction

II. Preprocedural considerations and planning

III. Sedation

IV. General anesthesia

V. Animal preparation

VI. Anesthetic monitoring and support

VII. Common anesthetic emergencies

VIII. Postprocedural recovery and care

IX. Analgesia

Chapter 18. Anesthesia and analgesia in nonhuman primates

I. Introduction

II. Preprocedural considerations

III. Chemical restraint

IV. Anesthesia

V. Analgesia

VI. Special considerations

VII. Responding to emergencies

VIII. Postprocedural recovery and care

Chapter 19. Anesthesia and analgesia in dogs and cats

I. Introduction

II. Preprocedural considerations

III. Chemical restraint (sedation)

IV. General anesthesia

V. Anesthetic management and monitoring

VI. Common anesthetic emergencies

VII. Anesthesia for specific situations

VIII. Postprocedural recovery and care

IX. Pain assessment and analgesia

Chapter 20. Anesthesia and analgesia in ruminants

I. Introduction

II. Preprocedural considerations

III. Pain assessment and the need for analgesia

IV. Sedation and premedication

V. Anesthesia

VI. Maintenance of anesthesia

VII. Anesthesia monitoring

VIII. Intraoperative support

IX. Analgesia

Chapter 21. Analgesia and anesthesia in ferrets

I. Introduction

II. Preprocedural considerations

III. Chemical restraint (sedation) principles

IV. General anesthesia principles

V. Support and monitoring of the patient

VI. Drugs used for sedation and anesthesia

VII. Common anesthetic emergencies and treatment

VIII. Postanesthetic considerations

IX. Analgesia

X. Anesthesia and analgesia for specific situations

Chapter 22. Anesthesia and analgesia in other mammals

I. Marsupialia: marsupials

II. Scandentia and Eulipotyphla: insectivores

III. Rodentia: nontraditional species of laboratory rodents

V. Xenarthra: edentates (nine-banded armadillo—Dasypus novemcinctus)

VI. Chiroptera: bats

VIII. Prosimii: gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)

Chapter 23. Anesthesia and analgesia in birds

I. Avian physiology and anatomy relevant to anesthesia and analgesia

II. Preprocedural considerations

III. Preoperative management

IV. Anesthetic agents

V. Anesthetic monitoring, management and emergencies

VI. Anesthetic recovery

VII. Analgesia

VIII. Anesthesia for specific situations

Chapter 24. Anesthesia and analgesia in reptiles

I. Introduction

II. Reptilian anatomy and physiology of anesthetic and analgesic relevance

III. Preprocedural considerations

IV. Chemical restraint versus anesthesia

V. Anesthesia

VI. Anesthesia for specific situations

VII. Postanesthetic recovery and care

VIII. Analgesia

IX. Euthanasia

Chapter 25. Anesthesia and analgesia in amphibians

I. Introduction

II. Anatomy and physiology relevant to anesthesia

III. Preprocedural considerations

IV. Chemical restraint versus anesthesia

V. Chemical restraint

VI. Monitoring

VII. Analgesia

VIII. Anesthesia and analgesia for specific situations

IX. Postprocedural recovery and care

X. Euthanasia

Chapter 26. Anesthesia and analgesia in invertebrates

I. Introduction

II. Anesthesia

III. Pain and analgesia in invertebrates

IV. Euthanasia

Section VI. Special topics

Chapter 27. Management of chronic pain

I. Introduction

II. Recognition and assessment of chronic pain

III. Treatment

Chapter 28. Anesthesia and analgesia in the fetus and neonate

I. Introduction

II. Anesthesia of the dam for fetal surgery

III. Neuraxial analgesia/anesthesia

IV. Prevention of post-operative pre-term labor

V. Functional maturity of key organ systems in newborn animals

VI. Anesthesia of neonatal animals

VII. Supportive measures during neonatal anesthesia

VIII. Postanesthetic period

IX. Neonatal analgesia

Chapter 29. Anesthesia for in vivo imaging studies: practical considerations for experimental outcomes and animal welfare

I. Introduction

II. Imaging modalities

III. Animal preparation and experimental planning

IV. Management of anesthesia in imaging studies

V. Conclusions

Chapter 30. Preclinical pain testing: a short guide to where we are and where we are going

I. Why the need for animal use in pain research?

II. Animal models (assays) of pain

III. Pain measures

IV. Organismic and environmental factors

V. External and internal validity

VI. The future of preclinical pain research

Index

About the editors

Melissa Dyson

Melissa Dyson, DVM, MS, DACLAM is the University of Michigan's Senior Associate Attending Veterinarian, the Deputy Director of the Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine (ULAM), and the Director of the ULAM Training Core. In her role as Senior Associate Attending Veterinarian, Dr. Dyson assists with the guidance and oversight of the Animal Care & Use Program, including the exploration of new data-gathering and assessment strategies that support a culture of responsible research conduct. As the Deputy Director of ULAM, she assists in the overall management of the Unit, including animal husbandry, housing, veterinary care, and specialized research support services. Dr. Dyson also serves as the Director of the ULAM Training Core, where she is responsible for managing all animal care and use training and education programs at the University. Dr. Dyson's clinical and research interests include laboratory animal medicine management and infectious disease. She is also interested in training research personnel in the humane use and handling of animals used for research, as well as the training of future laboratory animal scientists and clinicians.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Michigan's Senior Associate Attending Veterinarian, Deputy Director, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine (ULAM); Director of the ULAM Training Core, USA

Paulin Jirkof

Studied biology with a focus on zoology. She obtained her PhD in Neuroscience at the Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Switzerland. She has been certified as an expert for laboratory animal science by the German Association for Laboratory Animal Science (GV SOLAS). Currently, she holds a position as 3R coordinator at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. She is chair of the Executive Board of The Swiss 3R Competence Center (3RCC), board member of the Swiss Association of Laboratory Animal Science (SGV), member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Charitè 3R, Berlin, Germany as well as Deputy Editor of the journal Laboratory Animals. Her scientific field of interest is the evaluation of severity assessment tools and the reliable assessment of pain in laboratory rodents. She has authored many publications (original articles, reviews, recommendations and book chapters) on the refinement of anesthesia and analgesia protocols to ensure scientific quality and animal welfare in animal-based research. Furthermore, her interests lie also in the non-pharmacological improvement of animal well-being involving refined post-surgical protocols and experimental housing conditions.

Affiliations and expertise

Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Jennie Lofgren

Jennifer Lofgren: is the Global Head of Animal Welfare and Compliance at Novartis as well as an Adjunct Faculty member at the University of Michigan Medical School where she co-founded the Refinement and Enrichment Advancements Laboratory (REAL). She has a DVM and MS from Tufts University and a BA from Wellesley College. She completed a post-doctoral training program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a visiting research fellowship with the Pain and Animal Welfare Science group at Newcastle University in the UK. She is a diplomate of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM). She is the chair of the Non-Human Pain Special Interest Group within the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). She has received several grants through Grants for Laboratory Animal Science (GLAS) and ACLAM Foundation and published a variety of peer-reviewed articles and book chapters in the 3Rs (Reduce, Refine, Replace) areas with particular focus on the effective recognition and alleviation of pain in rodents, the comparative impact of unalleviated pain and analgesia on research outcomes, social housing of rabbits, the value of nesting for mouse health assessments, and refinements to reduce animal numbers.

Affiliations and expertise

Global Head of Animal Welfare and Compliance, Novartis; Adjunct Faculty Member, University of Michigan Medical School, MA, USA

Elizabeth Nunamaker

Dr. Elizabeth Nunamaker received the PhD degree in Biomedical Engineering in 2006 from University of Michigan, and the DVM degree from Purdue University in 2010. She is also double boarded by the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine and the American College of Animal Welfare. She has spent the past 10+ years of her career focused on the welfare of laboratory animal species and has numerous publications pertaining to anesthesia and analgesia. Dr. Nunamaker is a member of the Global Animal Welfare and Training team at Charles River Laboratories, serving as the Director of Animal Welfare. She is also currently the President of the North American 3Rs Collaborative where she is focused on spreading rodent refined handling practices and developing a 3Rs certification program for those working in animal research.

Affiliations and expertise

Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA, USA

Daniel Pang

Daniel Pang: is an Associate Professor of veterinary anaesthesiology at the University of Calgary. He received his veterinary degree from the University of Bristol (2000) and went on to complete a residency and MSc in veterinary anaesthesia at the Université de Montréal. He received his doctorate in neuroscience (molecular mechanisms of volatile anaesthetics) from Imperial College, London (2011) and is a Diplomate of the European and American Colleges of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. His research interests are in pain assessment and welfare, particularly the applications of pain assessment scales, patient safety and and the concept of enhanced recovery protocols for optimising perioperative care. His research is supported through federal (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada) and private foundation (Fondation J.-Louis Lévesque) funding. He is an editorial board member of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia and an Associate Editor for the Journal of Small Animal Practice and BMJ Veterinary Record Case Reports.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor of Veterinary Anaesthesiology, University of Calgary, Montreal, Canada