Overview of Chest Imaging
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Chest Imagin
Illustrated Terminology
Approach to Illustrated Terminology
Acinar Nodules
Air Bronchogram
Air-Trapping
Airspace
Architectural Distortion
Bulla/Bleb
Cavity
Consolidation
Cyst
Ground-Glass Opacity
Honeycombing
Interlobular Septal Thickening
Intralobular Lines
Mass
Miliary Pattern
Mosaic Attenuation
Nodule
Pneumatocele
Reticular Pattern
Secondary Pulmonary Lobule
Traction Bronchiectasis
Tree-in-Bud Opacities
Centrilobular
Perilymphatic Distribution
Chest Radiographic and CT Signs
Approach to Chest Radiographic and CT Signs
Air Crescent Sign
Cervicothoracic Sign
Comet Tail Sign
CT Halo Sign
Deep Sulcus Sign
Fat Pad Sign
Finger-in-Glove Sign
Hilum Convergence Sign
Hilum Overlay Sign
Incomplete Border Sign
Luftsichel Sign
Reversed Halo Sign
Rigler and Cupola Signs
S-Sign of Golden
Signet Ring Sign
Silhouette Sign
Atelectasis and Volume Loss
Approach to Atelectasis and Volume Loss
Atelectasis
Relaxation and Compression Atelectasis
Cicatricial Atelectasis
Rounded Atelectasis
Developmental Abnormalities
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Developmental Abnormalities
Airways
Tracheal Bronchus and Other Anomalous Bronchi
Paratracheal Air Cyst
Bronchial Atresia
Tracheobronchomegaly
Lung
Extralobar Sequestration
Intralobar Sequestration
Diffuse Pulmonary Lymphangiomatosis
Apical Lung Hernia
Pulmonary Circulation
Congenital Interruption Pulmonary Artery
Aberrant Left Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
Scimitar Syndrome
Pulmonary Varix
Meandering Pulmonary Vein
Systemic Circulation
Accessory Azygos Fissure
Azygos and Hemiazygos Continuation of the IVC
Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava
Aberrant Subclavian Artery
Right Aortic Arch
Double Aortic Arch
Aortic Coarctation
Cardiac, Pericardial, and Valvular Defects
Atrial Septal Defect
Ventricular Septal Defect
Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Pulmonic Stenosis
Heterotaxy
Absence of the Pericardium
Chest Wall and Diaphragm
Poland Syndrome
Pectus Deformity
Kyphoscoliosis
Morgagni Hernia
Bochdalek Hernia
Airway Diseases
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Airways Disease
Benign Neoplasms
Tracheobronchial Hamartoma
Tracheobronchial Papillomatosis
Malignant Neoplasms
Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Airways
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Metastasis, Airways
Airway Narrowing and Wall Thickening
Saber-Sheath Trachea
Tracheal Stenosis
Tracheobronchomalacia
Middle Lobe Syndrome
Airway Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis
Tracheobronchial Amyloidosis
Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica
Relapsing Polychondritis
Rhinoscleroma
Bronchial Dilatation and Impaction
Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Cystic Fibrosis
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome
Williams-Campbell Syndrome
Broncholithiasis
Emphysema and Small Airway Diseases
Centrilobular Emphysema
Paraseptal Emphysema
Panlobular Emphysema
Infectious Bronchilitis
Constrictive Bronchiolitis
Swyer-James-Macleod Syndrome
Asthma
Infections
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Infections
General
Bronchopneumonia
Community-acquired Pneumonia
Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia
Nosocomial Pneumonia
Lung Abscess
Septic Emboli
Bacteria
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Staphylococcal Pneumonia
Klebsiella Pneumonia
Pseudomonas
Legionella Pneumonia
Nocardiosis
Actinomycosis
Melioidosis
Tuberculosis
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection
Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Viruses
Influenza Pneumonia
Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia
Coronavirus
COVID-19
Fungi
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Blastomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Aspergillosis
Zygomycosis
*Pneumocystis jirovecii* Pneumonia
Parasites
Approach to Parasites
Dirofilariasis
Hydatidosis
Strongyloidiasis
Amebiasis
Schistosomiasis
Pulmonary Neoplasms
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Pulmonary Neoplasms
Lung Cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Small Cell Carcinoma
Mutlifocal Lung Cancer
Uncommon Neoplasms
Pulmonary Hamartoma
Bronchial Carcinoid
Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Kaposi Sarcoma
Lymphoma and Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Follicular Bronchiolitis
Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia
Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia
Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease
Pulmonary Lymphoma
Metastatic Disease
Hematogenous Metastases
Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis
Tumor Emboli
Interstitial, Diffuse, and Inhalational Lung Disease
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Interstitial, Diffuse, and Inhalational Lung Disease
Idiopathic Interstitial Lung Diseases
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
Organizing Pneumonia
Sarcoidosis
Pleuropulmonary Fibroelastosis
Smoking-Related Diseases
Respiratory Bronchiolitis and RBILD
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema
Pneumoconiosis
Asbestosis
Silicosis and Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis
Hard Metal Pneumoconiosis
Beryliosis
Silo-Filler's Disease
Other Inhalational Disorders
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Smoke Inhalation
E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)
Aspiration
Excipient Lung Disease
Eosinophilic Lung Disease
Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Metabolic Diseases and Miscellaneous Conditions
Alveolar Microlithiasis
Metastatic Pulmonary Calcification
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Pulmonary Amyloidosis
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
Lipoid Pneumonia
Dendriform Pulmonary Ossification
Connective Tissue Disorders, Immunological Diseases, and Vasculitis
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Connective Tissue Disorders, Immunological Diseases, and Vasculitis
Immunological and Connective Tissue Disorders
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Scleroderma
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Sjögren Syndrome
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Erdheim Chester Disease
Thoracic Complications in Immunocompromised Patients
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Solid Organ Transplantation
HIV/AIDS
Neutropenia
Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Vasculitis
Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemorrhage
Goodpasture Syndrome
Pulmonary Granulomatosis and Polyangiitis
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis and Polyangiitis
Behcet Syndrome
Necrotizing Sarcoid Granulomatosis
Mediastinal Abnormalities
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Mediastinal Abnormalities
Primary Neoplasms
Thymoma
Thymic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
Thymic Carcinoma
Thymolipoma
Mediastinal Teratoma
Mediastinal Seminoma
Nonseminomatous Malignant Germ Cell Neoplasm
Neurogenic Neoplasms of the Nerve Sheath
Neurogenic Neoplasms of the Sympathetic Ganglia
Neurofibromatosis
Lymphadenopathy
Metastatic Disease, Lymphadenopathy
Mediastinal Lymphoma
Mediastinal Fibrosis
Castleman Disease
Cysts
Bronchogenic Cyst
Esophageal Duplication Cyst
Pericardial Cyst
Thymic Cyst
Vascular Lesions
Mediastinal Vascular Masses
Coronary Artery Aneurysm
Paraesophageal Varices
Mediastinal Lymphangioma
Mediastinal Hemangioma
Glandular Enlargement
Thymic Hyperplasia
Goiter and Other Thyroid Masses
Diseases of the Esophagus
Achalasia
Esophageal Diverticuli
Esophageal Stricture
Esophageal Carcinoma
Miscellaneous Conditions
Mediastinal Lipomatosis
Mediastinitis
Mediastinal Fat Necrosis
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis
Hiatal and Paraesophageal Hernia
Cardiovascular Disorders
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Cardiovascular Disorders
Diseases of the Aorta and Great Vessels
Atherosclerosis
Aortic Aneurysm
Acute Aortic Syndromes
Marfan Syndrome
Takayasu Arteritis
Superior Vena Cava Obstruction
Pulmonary Edema
Pulmonary Edema
Pulmonary Hypertension and Thromboembolic Disease
Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
Pulmonary Venoocclusive Disease/Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis
Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease
Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Fat Embolism
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
Illicit Drug Use, Pulmonary Manifestations
Diseases of the Heart and Pericardium
Valve and Annular Calcification
Aortic Valve Disease
Mitral Valve Disease
Left Atrial Calcification
Ventricular Calcification
Coronary Artery Calcification
Post Cardiac Injury Syndrome
Pericardial Effusion
Constrictive Pericarditis
Cardiovascular Neoplasms
Cardiac and Pericardial Metastases
Cardiac Myxoma
Cardiac Sarcoma
Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma
Aortic Sarcoma
Trauma
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Chest Trauma
Airways and Lung
Tracheobronchial Laceration
Trauma, Lung
Cardiovascular/Mediastinum
Pneumomediastinum
Traumatic Aortic Injury
Esophageal Rupture
Thoracic Duct Tear
Pleura, Chest Wall, and Diaphragm
Traumatic Pneumothorax
Traumatic Hemothorax
Thoracic Splenosis
Rib Fractures and Flail Chest
Spinal Fracture
Sternal Fracture
Diaphragmatic Rupture
Post-Treatment Chest
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Post-Treatment Chest
Life Support Devices
Endotracheal and Enteric Tubes
Vascular Catheters
Cardiac Conduction Devices
Thoracostomy Tubes and Mediastic Drains
Surgical Procedures and Complications
Pleurodesis
Sublobar Resection
Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
Lobectomy
Lobar Torsion
Pneumonectomy
Thoracoplasty and Apicolysis
Lung Herniation
Sternotomy
Cardiac Transplantation
Lung Transplantation
Esophageal Resection
Radiation, Chemotherapy, Ablation
Radiation-Induced Lung Disease
Drug Reaction, Intrathoracic
Ablation Procedures
Pleural Diseases
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Pleural Diseases
Effusion
Transudative Pleural Effusion
Exudative Pleural Effusion
Hemothorax
Chylothorax
Empyema
Pneumothorax
Iatrogenic Pneumothorax
Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Pleural Thickening
Apical Cap
Pleural Plaques
Pleural Fibrosis and Fibrothorax
Neoplasia
Malignant Pleural Effusion
Solid Pleural Metastases
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Localized Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura
Chest Wall and Diaphragm
Introduction and Overview
Approach to Chest Wall and Diaphragm
Chest Wall
Chest Wall Infections
Discitis
Chest Wall Lipoma
Elastofibroma and Fibromatosis
Chest Wall Metastases
Chondrosarcoma
Plasmacytoma and Multiple Myeloma
Diaphragm
Diaphragmatic Eventration
Diaphragmatic Paralysis

Author Information

By Melissa L. Rosado-de-Christenson, MD, FACR, Section Chief, Thoracic Radiology, Department of Radiology, Saint Luke’s Hospital of Kansas City, Professor of Radiology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri and Santiago Martínez-Jiménez, MD, Department of Radiology, Saint Luke's Hospital of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri