Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2nd Edition

Editors: Stanley Maloy, Kelly Hughe
Pages: 4368
Published: February 27, 2013
Imprint: Academic Press
ISBN: 9780123749840

Description

The explosion of the field of genetics over the last decade, with the new technologies that have stimulated research, suggests that a new sort of reference work is needed to keep pace with such a fast-moving and interdisciplinary field.  Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set, builds on the foundation of the first edition by addressing many of the key subfields of genetics that were just in their infancy when the first edition was published. The currency and accessibility of this foundational content will be unrivalled, making this work useful for scientists and non-scientists alike.  Featuring relatively short entries on genetics topics written by experts in that topic, Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set provides an effective way to quickly learn about any aspect of genetics, from Abortive Transduction to Zygotes. Adding to its utility, the work provides short entries that briefly define key terms, and a guide to additional reading and relevant websites for further study. Many of the entries include figures to explain difficult concepts. Key terms in related areas such as biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology are also included, and there are entries that describe historical figures in genetics, providing insights into their careers and discoveries.

Key Features

This 7-volume set represents a 25% expansion from the first edition, with over 1600 articles encompassing this burgeoning field.
Thoroughly up-to-date, with many new topics and subfields covered that were in their infancy or not inexistence at the time of the first edition.  Timely coverage of emergent areas such as epigenetics, personalized genomic medicine, pharmacogenetics, and genetic enhancement technologies
Interdisciplinary and global in its outlook, as befits the field of genetics
Brief articles, written by experts in the field, which not only discuss, define, and explain key elements of the field, but also provide definition of key terms, suggestions for further reading, and biographical sketches of the key people in the history of genetics.

Readership

Intended for university libraries, researchers, undergraduate and graduate students, instructors, and clinicians in genetics, genomics, molecular biology, biotechnology, systems biology, structural biology, evolutionary biology, microbiology, and related life science areas. It is likely to be of interest to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and government and private consulting agencies in related fields.

Table of Contents

Editors-in-Chief

Section Editors

Preface

Brenner’s Encyclopedia of Genetics, 2nd Edition

Permission Acknowledgments

A

Abortive Transduction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Acentric Fragment

See also

Achondroplasia

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Acridines

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Acrocentric Chromosome

See also

Acrosome

See also

Active Site

See also

Adaptive Landscapes

Overview

Adaptive Landscapes as Described by Wright

Evolution on Rugged Adaptive Landscapes

Allele Frequency Landscapes

Maynard Smith’s (Protein) Sequence Space

Phenotypic Landscapes

Do Fitness Valleys Matter?

Future Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Adaptive Mutation

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Adaptor Hypothesis

See also

Additive Genetic Variance

Variation and Its Components

Definition of the Additive Genetic Variance

The Correlation between Relatives

Evolutionary Considerations

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Adenine

See also

Adenocarcinomas

Introduction

Breast Adenocarcinoma

Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

Adenocarcinoma of the Lung

Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Adenoma

See also

Further Reading

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli

Introduction

Molecular Organization

Homologs

Function

Pathology

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Adenosine Phosphates

See also

Adenoviruses

Introduction

Replication Cycle

Oncogenic Transformation

Adenovirus Transducing Vectors (Gene Therapy)

Adenovirus Genomics and Bioinformatics

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Adjacent/Alternate Disjunction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Advanced Glycation End-Products

End-Product Inhibition

Inhibitors of AGE Formation

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Advanced Intercross Lines

Introduction

Producing the AIL: The F2 Generation

Producing an AIL: The F3 and Subsequent Generations

Accumulation of Recombination Breakpoints in the AIL

Mapping Accuracy in an AIL

Variation in Allele Frequency and Recombination in AIL

The Phenotyped Population

Modified AIL Designs

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Aflatoxins

Background

Introduction

Natural Occurrence

Favorable Environmental Conditions

Analysis Techniques for AF Determination in Food and Food Products

Toxicity of AFs

Regulations on AFs

Reduction Techniques

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Aging, Genetics of

Introduction

Evolutionary Origins of Aging

Molecular Mechanisms of Aging

Aging in Model Genetic Systems

Modulation of Aging by Nutrient Response Pathways

Human Aging

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Agouti

See also

Agrobacterium

General Properties of Agrobacteria

Agrobacterium as Phytopathogen

Agrobacterium as Genetic Engineering Tool

Agrobacterium as Experimental System for Fundamental Cell Biology

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Agrobacterium and Ti Plasmids

Introduction

General Properties of Agrobacteria

Agrobacterium Ti Plasmid As Gene Vector for Plant Genetic Engineering

Agrobacterium Basic Research

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Alanine

See also

Albinism

Characteristics and History

Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Alcoholism

Clinical Findings

Findings from Animal Models

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Alignment Problem

Sequences

Alignment Is Important

Alignment Parameters

Alignment Methods

See also

References

Alkaptonuria

Introduction

HGD Gene

Metabolic Consequences of HGD Deficiency

Ochronosis

Clinical Manifestations

Therapy

Misdiagnosis of AKU

Animal Models

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Alkyltransferases

See also

Allele Frequency

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Alleles

See also

Further Reading

Allele Specificity

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Allelic Exclusion

See also

Allopatric

See also

Allostery

Introduction

Origins

Specific Examples

See also

Further Reading

Allotypes

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

Introduction

Gene, Protein, and Mutations

Pulmonary Disease

Pulmonary Disease in Heterozygotes

Liver Disease

Therapy

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Alpha-Complementation

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Alpha-Fetoprotein

History

Gene Structure and Regulation

Protein Structure and Function

Clinical Significance

Future Considerations

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Alternation of Gene Expression

Introduction

Site-Specific Inversion and Alternation of Gene Expression

Reversible Insertion of IS Elements and Phase Variation of Gene Expression

Slipped-Strand Mispairing and Phase Variation of Gene Expression

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Alternative Splicing

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Amber Codon

See also

Glossary

Amber Mutation

See also

Amber Suppressors

See also

Further Reading

Ames, Bruce

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Ames Test

Principle of the Test and Bacterial Strains Used

Specific Techniques: Plate Incorporation versus Preincubation Assay; Standard Ames versus Ames II

Photomutagenicity

The Metabolizing System: Rat Liver S9 Mix

Interpretation of Ames Test Data: Guidelines

Future Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Amino Acids

Introduction

Sources and Uses of Amino Acids

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Amino Acid Substitution

See also

Amino Terminus

See also

Aminoacyl-tRNA

See also

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases

See also

Aminopterin

See also

Glossary

Amniocentesis

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Anagenesis

See also

References

Analogy

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Anchor Locus

See also

Anchorage-Independent Growth

Introduction

Mesenchymal Cells

Epithelial Cells

Development, Cancer, and the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition

Extracellular Matrix

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Androgenone

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Aneuploidy

Introduction

Causes and Consequences of Aneuploidy

Mosaicism

Somatic Aneuploidy and Multiple Outcomes

Partial Aneuploidy Reveals Critical Genes in Normal Development and Physiology

Proteins and Protein Complexes That Assure Proper Segregation of Chromosomes

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Angiogenesis

Introduction

Tumor Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis Inhibitors

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Annealing

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Anonymous Locus

See also

Antibiotic Resistance

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Antibiotic-Resistance Mutants

Coumarins

Erythromycin

Fusidic Acid

Kasugamycin

Kirromycin

Quinolones

Rifampicin

Streptomycin

See also

Glossary

Antibody

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Anticodons

Transfer RNA

Code, Codons, and Codon Usage

The Anticodons

Fidelity

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Antigen

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Antigenic Variation

Introduction

Horizontal Sequence Transfer: Capsule Antigenic Variation in Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae

Gene Conversion: Pilin Antigenic Variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Epigenetic Regulation of Transcription: Variant Surface Glycoprotein Coat Antigenic Variation in Trypanosomes

Random Mutation and Reassortment of Chromosome Segments: Antigenic Drift and Antigenic Shift in Influenza Viruses

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Antimutator

See also

Anti-Oncogenes

Introduction

Two-Hit Model

Human Genome Project and Disease Gene Identification

Epigenetic Inactivation

Tumor Suppressor Pathway Discovery Using Animal Models

Protein Products

Clinical Implications

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Antiparallel

See also

Antisense DNA in Eukaryotes

Mode of Action of AS ONs

Modification of AS ONs

Delivery

Applications of AS ONs

RNA Interference Rivals Antisense Approaches

Clinical Trials

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Antisense RNA

Introduction

Bacterial Antisense RNAs

Eukaryotic Antisense RNAs

RNA-Encoded Antisense RNAs

Trans-Acting RNAs

See also

Glossary

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Antitermination Factors

Two Classes of Antitermination Mechanisms

Antitermination at a Single Site

Antitermination over Long Distances

Bacteriophage Antiterminators

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Antitermination Proteins

See also

AP Endonucleases

See also

Apomorphy

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Apoptosis

Introduction

The Extrinsic Pathway

The Intrinsic Pathway

ER-Stimulated Apoptosis

Proteins That Inhibit Apoptosis

Autophagy

Overlap or Antagonism? Coordinate Roles for Apoptosis and Autophagy

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Aporepressors

See also

Arabidopsis thaliana: Molecular Systematics and Evolution

See also

Arabidopsis thaliana: The Premier Model Plant

Arabidopsis: A Useful Model Species for Plant Genetics

A Brief History of Arabidopsis Genetics

Arabidopsis: Incremental Assembly of a Highly Resolved Map of the Genome

The DNA Sequence-Based Map of the Arabidopsis Genome

Genome Sequencing: The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative

Arabidopsis and Plant Biology: Genome-Enabled Research

Arabidopsis and Linkages to the Applied Sciences

Useful Genes from Population Genetics

Continued Importance of Arabidopsis Research

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Arabinose

See also

Arachnodactyly

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Arber, Werner

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Archaea

The Cryptic Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

The Biological Diversity of Archaea

Genomes of Archaea

Gene Expression

Natural Genetic Variation

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Archaeal Flagella

Introduction

Distribution

Functions

Structure

Archaeal Flagella: Relationships to Bacterial Type IV Pili, Not Bacterial Flagella

Genetic Loci Involved in Archaeal Flagella Biosynthesis

Signal Peptide Removal

N-Linked Glycosylation of Flagellins

Model for Assembly of Archaeal Flagella

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Archaeal Genetics

Introduction

Glossary

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Arginine

See also

Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Introduction: Copy-Number Variation

aCGH Methodology

Applications of CGH

Limitations

Perspectives and Future Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Artificial Chromosomes, Yeast

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Artificial Selection

Expected Response to Selection

Changes in Gene Frequency

Long-Term Response

Changes in Correlated Traits

Selection Experiments

Examples

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Ascobolus

Introduction

Biology

See also

References

Ascobolus immersus

See also

Further Reading

Ascus

See also

Asilomar Conference

Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules

See also

Further Reading

ASO (Allele-Specific Oligonucleotide)

See also

Asparagine

See also

Aspartic Acid

See also

Aspergillus nidulans

History

Growth and Reproduction

Genetic System

Genetic Resources

Research Areas

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Assortative Mating

See also

References

Assortment

See also

Ataxia Telangiectasia

Introduction

Features of Classical A-T

ATM Protein

ATM Mutations and Phenotypic Variation in A-T Patients

A-T-Like Disorder Caused by Mutation in the MRE11 Gene

Comparison with Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome

Malignant Disease in A-T Patients

Cancer Risks of ATM Mutation Carriers in A-T Families

ATM Mutation in Sporadic Tumors

Other A-T-Like Neurological Disorders: Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 1 and Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia Type 2

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

See also

att Sites

See also

Attached X and Other Compound Chromosomes

Introduction

Viability Considerations

Meiotic Segregation in Compound-Bearing Flies

Construction of Compounds

Types of Compounds

Isochromosomes

Genetic Consequences of Compound Chromosomes

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Attachment Sites

The Function and Structure of the att Site

Location of att Sites in the Host Chromosomes

Other att Sites

See also

Attenuation

See also

AUG Codons

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Autocrine/Paracrine

Introduction

Autocrine Activation of Growth Factor Signaling in Cancer

Paracrine Activation of Growth Factor Signaling in Cancer

Juxtacrine Activation of Growth Factor Signaling in Cancer

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Autogenous Control

See also

Autoimmune Diseases

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Autonomous Controlling Element

See also

Autoradiography

Autoregulation

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Autosomal Inheritance

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

Autosomal Codominant Inheritance

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Autosomes

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Auxotroph

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

B

Bacillus subtilis

Ecology and Significance

Sporulation

Quorum Sensing

Motility

Biofilms

Competence and Transformation

Model System for Research

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Backcross

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Back Mutation

See also

BACs (Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes)

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Bacteria

Characteristics of Bacteria

Diversity of Bacteria

Bacterial Genomes

Gene Transfer in Bacteria

See also

Further Reading

Bacterial Chemotaxis

Adaptive Locomotor Behaviors in Prokaryotes

Swimming and Gradient Tracking in Thermokinetic Hell

Methods for Observing Bacterial Chemotaxis

Chemotaxis Signaling Components and Pathways

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bacterial Genes

Perspectives on Defining Bacterial Genes

Gene Structure

Genes in Databases

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bacterial Genetics

Mutations and Mutagenesis

Genetic Exchange

Genetic Analysis of Bacterial Mutants

Complementation Analysis

Portable Regions of Homology

Summary

See also

Further Reading

Bacterial Transformation

Considerations

Measures of Transformation

Importance of Competence and Transformation

Artificial Competence

Natural Competence

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Bacterial Variable Number Tandem Repeats

Bacterial Genomes

VNTR Loci

Frequency of VNTRs among Bacteria

VNTR Mutation Processes and Rates

VNTRs as a Subtyping Tool

The Phenotypic Impact of VNTR Variation

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Bacteriocins

Introduction

Mechanisms of Action

Immunity

Bacteriocin Produced by Gram-Negative Bacteria

Bacteriocins Produced by Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacteriocins Produced by Archaea

Ecological Significance of Bacteriocins

Applications

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bacteriophage

Introduction

Morphology and Classification

Multiplication

Isolation

Growth Characteristics

Evolution

Research and Applications

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bakers’ and Brewers’ Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Balanced Polymorphism

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

BALB/c Mouse

Synopsis

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Basal Cell Carcinoma

See also

Glossary

Base Analog Mutagens

See also

Base Composition

See also

Base Pair

See also

Glossary

Base Pairing and Base Pair Substitution

See also

Further Reading

Base Substitution Mutations

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Bases

See also

Bateson, William

Early Career

Rediscovery of Mendel

Fight with the Biometricians

Chromosomes

Theories of Development

The Far-Seeing Controversialist

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Baur, Erwin

Youth, Education, and Scientific Career

Scientific Discoveries

Publications and Organizational Activities

Baur’s Role in Plant Breeding and Agricultural Politics

Baur and Eugenics

Concluding Remarks

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Bayesian Analysis

Linkage Experiments

Microarray Experiments

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bcl-2 Gene Family

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

BCR/ABL Oncogene

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bead Theory

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome

Introduction

Clinical Presentation

Etiology

Genetic Testing

Genetic Counseling

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Behavioral Genetics

Introduction

Modern Behavioral Genetics

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Benzer, Seymour

See also

Beta (β)-Galactosidase

Introduction

Structure

Substrates and Assays

Metal Requirements

Catalytic Mechanism

Biochemical and Biotechnological Applications

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

Bidirectional Replication

See also

Relevant Websites

BIME, ERIC, REP, RIME, and Other Short Bacterial Repeated Elements

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Binomial Distribution

See also

Glossary

Biochemical Genetics

Introduction

Classical Biochemical Genetics: One Gene–One Enzyme Hypothesis

Targeted Biochemical Genetics

When a Negative Result Is Informative, Modern Biochemical Genetics

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Biofilms

Historical Perspective

The Process of Biofilm Formation

Components of a Biofilm

Biofilms in Human Infectious Diseases: The Parsek–Singh Criteria

The Role of Biofilms in Device-Related Infections

Decreased Susceptibility of Sessile Cells to Antibiotics and Disinfectants

Decreased Metabolic Activity and Slow Growth

Expression of Biofilm-Specific Resistance Genes

Restricted Penetration of Antimicrobial Agents

Presence of Persister Cells

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bioinformatics

Introduction

Tools

Internet

Databases

Application

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Biosynthesis

Updated Classical Genetic Approaches

Using Mutants to Identify Genes in Biosynthetic Pathways

Determining the Function and Order of Steps in Biosynthetic Pathways

Regulation of Biosynthesis

New Directions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Biotechnology

The Pedigree of Biotechnology

Biotechnology’s Contributions to Science and Society

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Blood Group Chimerism

Introduction

Naturally Occurring Blood Group Chimerism

Acquired Blood Group Chimerism

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Blood Group Systems

Introduction

Blood Group Antibodies

Structure of Blood Group Antigens

Function of Blood Group Antigens

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bloom’s Syndrome

Bloom’s Syndrome

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Blunt-End Ligation

See also

Glossary

Bombay Blood Group

The Hh Blood Group System

Clinical Significance of Oh Phenotype

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bombyx mori

The Silkworm as a Genetic System

Cytogenetics and Synteny

Sex Chromosomes, Sex Determination, and Dosage Compensation

Molecular Genetics and the Genome Sequence

Gene Regulation and Functional Genomics

Transgenesis and Biotechnology

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Bottleneck Effect

The Bottleneck Effect

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Boveri, Theodor and Marcella O’Grady-Boveri

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Brachydactyly

Isolated Brachydactyly

Other Complex Genetic Syndromes

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Brachyury Locus

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Branch Migration

See also

Glossary

Brassicaceae, Molecular Systematics and Evolution Of

Introduction

Family Delimitation

Phylogenetics of the Family

Evolutionary Implications

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Brassinosteroids

Introduction

Natural Occurrence and Chemical Diversity

Physiological Responses of Exogenously Applied Brassinosteroids

Hormonal Functions of Endogenous Brassinosteroids

Biosynthesis and Metabolism

Brassinosteroid Perception at the Cell Surface

Signaling Mechanism

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

BRCA1/BRCA2

Introduction

BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes and Their Encoded Proteins

Genetics

BRCA1, BRCA2, and DNA Repair

BRCA1/BRCA2 Mutation and Cancer Outcome

New Therapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of BRCA1- and BRCA2-Associated Cancers

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Break–Copy, Break–Join

Pre-Watson–Crick Concepts

Post-Watson–Crick Concepts

Site-Specific Recombination

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Breast Cancer

Introduction

Genetic Factors

Breast Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis

High-Penetrance Genes

Genes of Moderate Effect

Susceptibility Alleles/GWAS

BRCA1/BRCA2 Pathological Features

Genetic Testing

Risk Assessment Tools

Treatment and Interventions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Breeding of Animals

See also

Brenner, Sydney

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Buoyant Density

Burbank, Luther

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Burkitt Lymphoma

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

C

C57BL/6

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

CAAT Box

See also

c-ABL Gene and Gene Product

Introduction

Gene Structure

Expression

Regulation

Growth Factor Signaling

Adhesion and Motility

Nuclear Roles

Immune System

Nervous System

Microbial Pathogenesis

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode)

Introduction

Life Cycle

Genetics and Genomics

The Nervous System

Experimental Malleability

Areas of Research

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cairns, John

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

cAMP and Cell Signaling

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Campbell Model

Introduction

Integration by Site-Specific Recombination

Integration by General Recombination

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Cancer Genetics

Genetic Changes That Lead to Cancer Development

In Vitro Cancer Models

In Vivo Cancer Models

Cancer Gene Identification Using the Human Genome

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cancer Susceptibility

Introduction

Familial Cancer Predisposition

Lower Penetrance Cancer Susceptibility Alleles

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Candidate Gene

Contexts in Which Candidate Genes Are Important

Identification of Candidate Genes

See also

Canine Genomics and Genetics

Origin of Domestication

Breeds and Population Structure

The Dog Genome Sequence

SNP Resources

Linkage Disequilibrium and Haplotype Structure

Causes of Genomic Variation

Disease Predisposition

Behavior

Morphology

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cap

See also

CAP (CRP)

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Capsid

See also

Carcinogens

Ionizing Radiation

UV Radiation

Viruses

Chemicals

See also

Further Reading

CA Repeats

See also

Carrier

Introduction

Frequency

Detection

Prospects for the Future

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cassette Model

Control of Cell Specialization by the Mating-Type Locus

Cell Signaling between Mating Partners Turns On the Final Differentiation of a and α Cells

Mating-Type Interconversion and the Cassette Mechanism

See also

Further Reading

Castle, William E.

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Catabolite Gene Activator Protein

History of Catabolite Activator Protein Identification

Catabolite Activator Protein Structure

Transcription Activation by CAP

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Catabolite Repression

Catabolite Repression and Related Regulatory Phenomena

The PTS, a Sensory System Central in Bacterial Catabolite Repression

Enteric Bacteria: IIACrr, the cAMP·Crp Activator, and the crp Modulon

Low [G + C] Bacteria: HPr, the CcpA Repressor, and the cre Modulon

The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: The Complex Interplay between Protein Kinases and Gene Regulators

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Cattanach’s Translocation

Introduction

X-Inactivation versus Position-Effect Variegation

Inheritance

Cattanach’s Translocation as a Tool for Research

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

cDNA

See also

Relevant Websites

Cell Cycle

Introduction

Timing: A Cell-Cycle Clock

Coordination: Stopping and Starting the Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle in Health and Disease

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cell Determination

See also

Cell Differentiation

See also

Further Reading

Cell Division Genetics

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cell Division in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System for Cell Division

Genetic Approaches to Studying Cell Division in C. elegans

Recent Advances in Understanding Cell Division in C. elegans

Perspectives

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cell Lineage

Introduction

Overview of Biology of Cell Lineages

Genetics of Cell Lineage in Nematode C. elegans

Cell Lineages in Insects

Cell Lineage in Vertebrates

Cell Lineage in Plant Development

Evolution of Cell Lineages

Conclusions

See also

References

Cell Lines

Cell Line

Cell Culture and the Establishment of Cell Lines

Advantages of Cell Culture

Problem Areas

Conclusion

See also

Cell Markers: Green Fluorescent Protein

Origins of Green Fluorescent Protein

Cloning and Structure Determination of GFP

Color Change and Increased Brightness Mutants of GFP

Expressing GFP in Other Organisms

A Very Red-Shifted Fluorescent Protein

Photoactivatable and Photoconvertible Fluorescent Proteins

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Single-Molecule Imaging with Fluorescent Proteins

In Vivo Imaging with GFP

Color-Coded Cellular Imaging In Vivo with Fluorescent Proteins

In Situ Labeling of Fluorescent Tumors with GFP in the Living Animal and Fluorescence-Guided Tumor Surgery

Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy of Fluorescent Protein-Expressing cells In Vivo

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cell/Neuron Degeneration

Introduction

Overview of Cell Death

C. elegans as a Model System for the Study of Cell Death

A Conserved Apoptotic Death Mechanism in C. elegans

Degenerins and Neurodegeneration in C. elegans

Other Cellular Insults Can Also Induce Necrotic-Like Cell Death, Suggesting a Common Response to Cell Injury

Genetic Requirements for Degeneration

Parallels between Neurodegenerative Cell Death in C. elegans and Higher Organisms: A Common Degenerative Death Mechanism

Future Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Cenancestor

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Centimorgan (cM)

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Centric Fusion

Centric Fusions from an Evolutionary Perspective

Centric Fusions from the Clinical Perspective

See also

Glossary

Further Reading

Centrioles

See also

Centromere

Introduction

Sequence and Size

Centromere Proteins

Centromeric Chromatin

Neocentromeres: Unusual, Variant Centromeres

Artificial or Synthetic Centromeres

Inactivated Centromeres

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

C Genes

See also

Chain Initiation, Elongation, Termination, and Recycling

Introduction

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Recycling

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Character

See also

Character State

See also

Chargaff’s Rules

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Chi Sequences

Discovery of Chi and Its Nucleotide Sequence

Genetic Properties of Chi

Interaction of Chi and RecBCD Enzyme

Distribution of Chi in the E. coli Chromosome

Similar Sites in Other Bacteria

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Chiasma

Definition

Chiasma Formation

Chromosome Segregation in Meiosis I Depends on Chiasmata

Chiasma Maintenance and Resolution

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Chimera

Use of Chimeras in the Analysis of Embryogenesis

Gene Targeting and Chimeras

Mosaics

See also

Further Reading

Chimeric Genes, Proteins

Evolution and Chimeric Proteins

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Linker Regions

Areas of Application

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The Organism

Three Genetic Systems

Biogenesis of the Photosynthetic Apparatus

Adaptation of the Photosynthetic Apparatus

Function and Assembly of the Flagellar Apparatus

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts and Chloroplast Genomes

Shared Coding and DNA Editing

Inheritance Mode

Variation among Species and DNA Barcoding

Variation within Species and Phylogeography

Genetic Transformation into the Chloroplast Genome

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Chloroplasts, Genetics of

Introduction

Evolutionary Origin of Chloroplasts and Their Relationship to Rhodoplasts and Cyanelles

Chloroplast Genomes

Dual Genetic Origin of Chloroplast Proteins

Variations on Genetic Code and Editing

Recombination of Chloroplast DNA and Transgenic Chloroplasts

Maternal Inheritance

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Christmas Disease

Introduction

Factor IX (F9) Gene and Protein

Mutations in F9 Gene

Clinical Manifestation

Diagnosis

Management

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Chromatid

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Chromatid Interference

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Chromatin

Composition

Higher Order Structure

Role of Chromatin in Nuclear Architecture

Transcriptionally Active Chromatin

Chromatin Modification

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Chromomeres

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Chromosomal Walking

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Chromosome

See also

Chromosome Banding

Definition and Historical Perspective

Karyotypes and Banding Levels

Functional and Structural Significance of Chromosome Bands

Applications of Chromosome Banding

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Chromosome Break

See also

Chromosome Bridge

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Chromosome Dimer Resolution by Site-Specific Recombination

Introduction

The Xer System

Control of Chromosome Dimer Resolution: FtsK

Roles of Xer in Mobile Genetic Elements

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Chromosome Mapping

Historical Perspectives

From Gene Mapping Conferences to the Human Genome Project

Modern Developments in Linkage Mapping

Other Forms of Linkage (Syntenic) Analysis

Physical Mapping

Mapping Human Genetic Disease Genes

Comparative Mapping Studies

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Chromosome Movement

See also

Further Reading

Chromosome Number

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Chromosome Painting

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Chromosome Pairing

Introduction

Historical Background

The Bouquet Stage

Initiation of Pairing

Genetic Aspects

See also

Further Reading

Chromosome Scaffold

Chromosome Scaffold and Chromatin Packaging

The Scaffold–Loop Model

Scaffold-Associated Proteins

Functions of the Major Scaffolding Proteins

Scaffold-Associated Regions

Functions of the Scaffold and Scaffolding Proteins

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Chromosome Structure

Introduction

Uninemy

Chromosomal Fibers

Chromosome Scaffolds

Chromatin Loops

Final Stages of Chromosome Condensation

Chromosome Periphery

See also

Circadian Rhythms

Introduction

Definition

Model Systems

The Nature of Clock Mutations

Neurospora as an Intensively Genetically Dissected System

Gene Homologues

Unicellular versus Multicellular Organisms

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Circular Linkage Map

Occurrence

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Circularly Permuted Proteins

Proposed Mechanisms

Hypothetical Roles

Detection

Artificial CPs

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cis-Acting Locus

Cis-Acting DNA Regions

Scaffold/Matrix Attachment Regions

Locus Control Regions

Enhancers and Silencers

Promoters

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Cis-Acting Proteins

Classification of Cis-Acting Proteins

What Purpose Does Cis Action Serve?

How Is Cis Action Achieved?

Localizing Protein Synthesis to the Vicinity of Its Gene

Mechanisms That Limit Protein Diffusion and Thereby Enhance Cis Preference

Protein Instability

Sequestration of Protein

Multiple Binding Sites

More Cis-Acting Proteins?

See also

Further Reading

Cis-Dominance

See also

Cis–Trans Configurations

See also

Cistron

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Clade

See also

Cladistics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cladogenesis

Introduction

‘Tree of Life’ and Evolutionary Biology

Darwin’s Finches

Birth–Death Model

Our Clade

Anthropogenic Cladogenesis

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Cladograms

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Class Switching

Classical Genetics (History, Mouse)

The Beginning of an Era: From Plants to Mice

The Missing Links

Revolution of Recombinant DNA

Climbing the Genetic Ladder

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate

Normal and Abnormal Lip and Palate Morphogenesis

Inheritance of Oral Clefts

Recurrence Risk

Prenatal Diagnosis of Cleft Lip and Palate

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Clever Mutant Isolation: Defining the Components of Cell Biological Processes

Protein Secretion, Gene Fusions, and Suppressor Mutations

Cell Division and Synthetic Lethal Mutations

Why Do Cytoplasmic Proteins Have No Disulfide Bonds?

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Clinical Genetics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Clock Mutants

Introduction

Molecular Genetics of the Fly Clock

Mammalian Clockworks

Fungal and Bacterial Clocks

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Clone

See also

Cloned Organisms, Eukaryotic

Abnormalities of Cloned Animals

Uses of Animal Cloning

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cloning

Background and History

Nuclear Donor Cells

Recipient Cells

Cell Cycle Coordination

Culture of Reconstructed Embryos

Applications of SCNT

See also

Further Reading

Cloning Vectors

See also

Closed Reading Frame

See also

Coalescent

Introduction

The Ancestral Process – The Neutral Case

Robustness

Varying Population Size

Recombination

Selection

Population Subdivision

Approximations

Inference

Model-Based Analyses

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Coat Color Mutations, Animals

Background

Melanocyte Formation, Migration, and Proliferation

Mutations in Melanosome Biogenesis and Melanin Production

Pigment-Type Switching

Mutations in Melanin Transfer

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Coding Sequences

See also

Glossary

Coding Strand

See also

Codominance

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Codons

See also

Codons, Invariable

See also

Codon Usage Bias

Introduction

Mutation Biases

Leading versus Lagging Strands

Intragenomic Regions

Fine-Scale Variations

Natural Selection

Applications

See also

Coevolution

Concepts of Coevolution

Methods of Studying Coevolution

Coevolution of Competing Species

Coevolution of Consumers and Victims

Costs of Adaptation

Pairwise and Diffuse Coevolution

Levels of Selection

Models of Consumer–Victim Coevolution

Evolution of Virulence

Evolution of Mutualism

Consequences of Coevolution

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Cognate tRNAs

See also

Cohesive Ends

Introduction

Cohesive Ends in the Life Cycle of the Tailed Phages

Natural History of Phage Cohesive Ends

The Endonuclease Activity of Terminases

Another Class of Cohesive Ends

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Coincidence, Coefficient of

Introduction

Observations on the Coefficient of Coincidence

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Cointegrate

Brief Definition

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Coisogenic Strain

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cold-Sensitive Mutant

See also

Cold Spot

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Col Factors

Introduction

Colicinogeny

Resistance to Colicins

Distribution of Col Factors

Colicin Invasion Dynamics

Colicin Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics

Colicin Plasmids

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Colinearity

The Nature of Gene–Protein Colinearity

Early History of the Colinearity Concept

Demonstration of Gene–Protein Colinearity

Beyond Colinearity

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Colony Hybridization

See also

Colony PCR

See also

Color Blindness

Red–Green Color Blindness – Deuteranopia and Protanopia

Nonhuman Primates

Tritanopia

Achromatopsia

Color Vision and Color Blindness in Nonprimate Mammals

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Colorectal Cancer

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Genetic Basis of Colon Cancer

Clinical Applications and Future Directions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Commaless Code

See also

Commensal

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Comparative Genomics

Definition and Development of Comparative Genomics

The Foundational Importance of Orthologous Protein Families

Comparing DNA Sequences Reveals the Molecular Basis of Individuality

Comparative Genomics Uncovers Novel Regulatory Mechanisms

Comparative Genomics Predicts an Organism’s Metabolic Capabilities

Integrated Comparative Genomic Approaches Enable Prediction of Gene Function

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Compartmentalization

Compartments Ensure Efficiency of Metabolic Processes

Compartmentalization Ensures Fidelity and Directionality of Transport

Maintenance of Compartmental Identity

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Compatibility Group

See also

Complementary DNA

See also

Glossary

Complementation

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Complementation Test

See also

Complement Loci

Overview

C1q and Lectins

Serine Proteases (Factor I, Factor D, C1r, C1s, MASP-1 and -2, C2, Factor B)

C3 and Relatives (C4 and C5)

Terminal Complement Components (C6–C9)

Regulators of Complement Activity (Complement Control Proteins: CR1, CR2, DAF, MCP, C4BP, Factor H)

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Complex Locus

Complex Traits

Introduction

Analyzing Complex Traits

Experimental Approaches to Dissecting Complex Traits

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Concatemer

See also

Concatemer (Genomes)

See also

Concatenated Circles

See also

Concerted Evolution

Introduction

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Concerted Evolution

Concerted Evolution of Tandem Repeats

Concerted Evolution of Dispersed Repeats

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Concordance

See also

Conditional Alleles

See also

Glossary

Conditional Lethality

Conditional Lethality in Genetic Systems

Molecular Basis of Conditional Lethality

Temperature-Sensitive Mutants

Other Types of Conditional Lethal Mutants

Genetic Backgrounds Used for Conditional Lethality

Uses of Conditional Lethal Mutants

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Congenic Strain

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Adrenogenital Syndrome)

Introduction

Enzymes Involved in Cortisol Biosynthesis

Smith–Lemli–Opitz Syndrome

Congenital Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia (StAR/P450SCC Deficiency)

Hypertensive Form without Virilism (17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency)

Deficiency of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase

Virilizing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (21-Hydroxylase Deficiency)

Hypertensive Form of CAH with Virilism (11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency)

Antley–Bixler Syndrome (POR Deficiency)

Aldosterone Deficiency (Synthetase Deficiency)

See also

Relevant Websites

Congenital Conditions

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Conjugation

Conjugation Systems

Overview of Events in the Bacterial Conjugative Process

Grouped Requirements for Bacterial Conjugation

Natural Diversity of Bacterial Conjugative Systems

Being a Recipient

Historical Aspects

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Conjugative Transposons and Integrative and Conjugative Elements

Conjugative Transposons

Integrative and Conjugative Elements

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Conplastic

Introduction

Definition, Derivation, and Nomenclature of Conplastic Strains

Mouse Conplastic Strains

Rat Conplastic Strains

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Consanguinity

Introduction

Coefficient of Consanguinity

Autosomal Recessive Alleles

Challenge for Fundamental and Medical Research

Gene Copy Number Variation in Healthy Consanguineous Individuals

Gene Identification of Autosomal Recessive Diseases in Consanguineous Patients

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Consensus Sequences

Introduction

Searching for Sequence Motifs

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Conservation Genetics

Introduction

What Causes Extinctions?

Genetics in Conservation Biology

Genetic Consequences of Small Population Size

Loss of Genetic Diversity

Accumulation of New Deleterious Mutations

Genetic Deterioration in Captivity

Island Populations

Resolving Taxonomic Uncertainties

Use of Genetic Markers to Understand the Biology of Endangered Species

Methodology in Conservation Genetics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Conservative Recombination

See also

Consomic

Introduction

Consomic Nomenclature

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Constant Regions

See also

Constitutive Expression

See also

Constitutive Mutations

See also

Glossary

Continuous Variation

See also

Contractile Ring

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Controlling Elements

First Report of Transposable Genetic Elements

Other Considerations

See also

Further Reading

Convergent Evolution

Introduction

Examples

Distinction from Related Phenomena

Theoretical Issues

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Conversion Gradient

Meiotic Gene Conversion

Gradient

Origin of the Gradient

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Cooperativity

Introduction

Hemoglobin Loads and Unloads Oxygen over a Narrow Range of Oxygen Partial Pressures

Cooperativity Amplifies External Signals

Hill Equation Provides a Convenient Mathematical Expression for Cooperativity in Estimation and Modeling

Cooperativity May Enhance Positive or Negative Feedback in Genetic Switches

Cooperative Genetic Switches Regulate Gene Expression

Cooperativity Contributes to Cell Fate Decisions and Sharp Boundaries in Development

Cooperativity Reduces Sampling of Protein-Folding Configuration Space

Cooperativity May Positively Assist Raft Assembly in Plasma Membranes

Engineered Cooperativity Is Used in Synthetic Biology

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Coordinate Regulation

See also

Copy-Choice Hypothesis

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cordycepin

See also

Relevant Websites

Core Particle

See also

Corepressor

See also

Correlated Response

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Correns, Carl Erich

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Cosmids

See also

Cotransformation

Dispersive Mechanisms

Genetic Mapping

Competent Population

Congression

See also

Counterselection

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Covarion Model of Molecular Evolution

Introduction

The Biochemical Basis for the Covarion Model

A Hidden Markov Model for Covarions

The Kimura Model

The Two Unobserved Parameters

Tests for the Covarion Model

Conclusion

See also

References

CpG Islands

Definition

Chromatin Structure of Unmethylated CGIs

Methylated CGIs

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Craniosynostosis, Genetics of

Introduction

Classification of Craniosynostosis

Craniosynostosis Syndromes

Mutations in Craniosynostosis

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Cre/loxP – Transgenics

Introduction

Cre/loxP Recombination

Removal of Selectable Marker Genes

Marker Recycling

Introduction of Point Mutations

Conditional Mutations or Knockouts

Gain of Function

Loss of Function

Chromosome Rearrangements

Deletions, Duplications, and Inversions

Translocations

Genomic Targeting of DNA

Modified Cre Proteins

Green Fluorescent Protein

Regulation by Steroids

See also

Further Reading

Crick, Francis Harry Compton

Key Concepts

Introduction

Crick as Biophysicist

Hemoglobin and DNA

Crick’s Career

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cri-du-chat Syndrome

Introduction

Physical Characteristics

Behavioral Characteristics

Management

Genetic Counseling

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cross

See also

Glossary

Crossing-Over

See also

Crossover Interference

Definition

Distance Dependence

Indicators of Interference

Indices of Interference

Mathematical Models for Interference

Two Pathways for Crossing Over

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Crossover Suppressor

See also

Further Reading

Crosstalk

Introduction

Metabolic Crosstalk

Complex Phenotypes Indicate Crosstalk

Uncovering Crosstalk with Suppressor Analysis

The Effects of Crosstalk on the Metabolic Network

Understanding Metabolic Crosstalk Facilitates Discovering Next-Level Paradigms

Metabolic Potential and Evolvability

Summary

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Crow, James F

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Crown Gall Tumors

Historical Background

Horizontal Transmission of T-DNA Genes

Activities of A. tumefaciens T-DNA Genes

Crown Gall Tumor Development

Spread and Control of Crown Gall Disease

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

CRP

See also

Further Reading

Cruciform DNA

Introduction

Cruciform Extrusion and Stability In Vitro

Structure of a Cruciform and Its Similarity to a Holliday Junction

Detection Methods for Cruciform Structures In Vitro

Biological Roles of Cruciform DNA In Vivo

Cruciform Formation and Genomic Instability

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Cryptic Satellite DNA

See also

Cryptic Splice Sites and Cryptic Splicing

Splicing Elements

Cryptic Splice Sites

Cryptic 5′Splice Site Activation

Newly Created De Novo 5′ Splice Sites

Cryptic 3′ Splice Site Activation

Newly Created De Novo 3′ Splice Sites

Detection of Cryptic Splicing

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

ct DNA

See also

CTP (Cytidine Triphosphate)

See also

Culture Collections

Introduction

The Functions Carried Out by the Culture Collections

Current Issues That Affect the Operations of Culture Collections

Importance of the General Collections in Genetic Analysis

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cutis Laxa

Introduction

Autosomal Dominant Cutis Laxa

X-Linked Cutis Laxa

Autosomal Recessive Cutis Laxa

Differential Diagnosis

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

C-Value Paradox

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

See also

Further Reading

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Discovery

CDK Protein Family

CDKs 1 and 2

CDKs Involved in Cell Cycle Regulation

CDK5

CDKs Involved in Transcription

CDK Regulation

Protein Degradation

CDK Dysfunction and Role in Disease

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Cysteine, Chemical Structure

See also

Cystic Fibrosis

Introduction

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

CFTR Genetics

Clinical Features

The Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis

Treatment

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cytogenetics

Clinical Cytogenetics

Comparative Cytogenetics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Cytokinesis

See also

Cytoplasm

See also

Cytoplasmic Genes

See also

Cytoplasmic Inheritance

See also

Cytosine

See also

Glossary

Cytoskeleton

See also

Cytosol

See also

D

D-Amino Acids

Introduction

Physiology

Genetics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Darlington, Cyril Dean

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Darwin, Charles

Introduction

The Life of Charles Darwin

Influences on Darwin and the Development of His Ideas

Experiences on the Voyage of the Beagle

The Work of the Geologist Charles Lyell

An Essay on Population by the Economist Thomas Malthus

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

The Major Ideas

The Argument for Natural Selection

Evidence Cited to Support the Idea of Evolution

The Response to On the Origin of Species

Philosophical Implications of Darwin’s Work

From Darwin to the ‘Evolutionary Synthesis’

Evolutionary Biology Today

See also

References

Further Reading

Databases, Sequenced Genomes

Introduction

Public Databases

Databases at Major Sequencing Centers

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Degenerate Code

See also

Degrees of Freedom

Introduction

Degrees of Freedom: How to Use

Degrees of Freedom and the Mean

Degrees of Freedom and the Hardy–Weinberg Law

Degrees of Freedom and R × C Contingency Tables

Degrees of Freedom and the Kinetic Energy of Atoms in Genetic Macromolecules

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Delbrück, Max

Delbrück, Max

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Deletion

See also

Deletion Mapping

See also

Relevant Website

Deletion Mapping, Mouse

Basic Information

Mapping Recessive Mutations: Pseudodominance and Complementation

Deletion Mapping of Codominant Genetic Markers

Deletion Complexes and High-Resolution Deletion/Functional Maps

See also

Further Reading

Deletion Mutation

See also

Demes

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Denaturation (Proteins)

Introduction

Biological Consequences of Denaturation

Intrinsically Disordered or Unfolded Proteins

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Derepression

See also

Detoxification (SOD)

Developmental Genetics

See also

Developmental Genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans

Introduction

Genetic Dissection of C. elegans Development

Conclusions and Future Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

De Vries, Hugo

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

D’Herelle, Félix

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

Dicentric Chromosome

See also

Dictyostelium

See also

Further Reading

Differential Segment

See also

DiGeorge Syndrome

Clinical Features Associated with DiGeorge Syndrome

Prevalence of Detection

Genetics of DiGeorge Syndrome

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Diploidy

Introduction

Diploid and Haploid Phases in Life Cycles

Artificial Diploidy in Haploid Fungi

Bivalent Formation at Meiosis as a Criterion of Effective Diploidy

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Direct Repeats

See also

Directed Evolution

Evolution and the Central Dogma – DNA, RNA, Proteins

The Central Dogma and ‘Undirected’ Evolution

The Central Dogma and ‘Directed’ Evolution through Selections In Vitro

The Future of Directed Evolution

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Directed Mutation

See also

Discontinuous Replication

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Discordance

Glossary

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Disjunction

See also

Disruptive Selection

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Distal

See also

Divergent Evolution

See also

Divergent Transcription

See also

D-Loop

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

DNA

See also

Further Reading

DNA Amplification In Vivo

DNA Amplification In Vivo

Engineering Amplification of Specific Genome Regions

Identification and Artificial Selection of Strains Containing Amplifications or Deletions

Biological Role of DNA Amplification

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

DNAase

See also

DNA-Binding Proteins

Introduction

DNA-Binding Domains

Protein–DNA Recognition

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA Cloning

Definition

History

Cloning Objectives

Strategies of Molecular Cloning

Conclusions

See also

References

DNA Denaturation

See also

References

Further Reading

DNA Fingerprinting

Introduction

Brief History

Genetic Markers and Technology

Lineage Markers

New Markers

DNA Database

The Next Future

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA Footprinting

Introduction

DNase I Footprinting

Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting

Footprinting with 1,10-Phenantroline-Copper

Potassium Permanganate Footprinting

Dimethyl Sulfate Footprinting

UV Laser Footprinting

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA, History Of

Introduction

Discovery

The Constitution of DNA

Changing Views on Biological Function

The Watson–Crick Structure

Confirming the Structure

DNA as Master Molecule

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA Hybridization

DNA Hybridization Update

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA Lesions

See also

DNA Ligases

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA Marker

See also

DNA Modification

See also

DNA Polymerase η (Eta)

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA Polymerases

Classification and Evolution of DNA Polymerases

Structure of DNA Polymerases

Enzymology of DNA Pols

Fidelity of DNA Pols

DNA Pols for DNA Replication

DNA Pols for DNA Repair

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA Recombination

See also

Glossary

DNA Repair

Introduction

Mechanisms of DNA Repair

Defective DNA Repair and Human Disease

Repair of DNA Strand Breaks

Mouse Models for Defective DNA Repair and Other Cellular Responses to DNA Damage

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA Repair Defects and Human Disease

Introduction

Types of DNA Repair

Relationships between DNA Repair and Human Hereditary Diseases

Other Genetic Diseases

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

DNA Replication

Importance of DNA Replication

The Replicon Model and the Problem of Origins

The Mechanism of DNA Replication

The Replication Fork and the Replisome

Regulation of DNA Replication

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA Sequencing

See also

DNA Structure

Introduction

Historical Background

Structures

Analysis of Three-Dimensional Structure

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

DNA Supercoiling

DNA Topology

DNA Supercoiling

Mathematics of DNA Supercoiling

Enzymes That Regulate DNA Supercoiling: Topoisomerases

Physiological Regulation of DNA Supercoiling

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

DNA Synthesis

See also

Dobzhansky, Theodosius

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Dominance

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Dosage Compensation

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Double-Minute (Chromosomes)

See also

Further Reading

Double-Strand Break Repair Model

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Downstream

Down Syndrome

Introduction

Clinical Aspects of Down Syndrome

Cytogenetics: Trisomy 21 Down Syndrome, Translocation Down Syndrome, and Mosaicism

Recurrence of Down Syndrome in Families

Research

The Near Future for Down Syndrome

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Drug Resistance

Antibiotic Resistance

Drug Resistance in Viruses

Fungal Drug Resistance

Parasitic Drug Resistance

Drug Resistance in Tumors

Health Consequences and Economic Impact

Molecular Mechanisms and Genetics

Future Directions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Overview

The Dystrophin Gene

The Dystrophin Protein and the Dystrophin–Glycoprotein Complex

Clinical Features

Pathology

Inheritance, Counseling, and Prenatal Diagnosis

Animal Models of DMD

Treatment

Challenges in Gene and Cell Therapies

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Duffy Blood Groups

History

Biochemistry and Genetics

Antibodies

Clinical Significance

The Clinical Value of Duffy Genotyping

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Dulbecco, Renato

Indiana

California Institute of Technology

The Salk Institute

Imperial Cancer Research Fund

Return to the Salk

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Dunn, Leslie Clarence

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

Duplication

See also

Glossary

Dwarfism

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Dwarfism, Mouse

Introduction

Mouse Mutants

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Dynamic Mutations

Introduction

Mechanisms of Repeat Expansion

Pathway from Repeat Expansion to Disease

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Dysmorphology

Introduction

Dysmorphology as Diagnosis

Measuring Dysmorphology

Intersection of Dysmorphology and Developmental Biology

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Dystrophin

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

E

Early Genes (in Phage Genomes)

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

EBNA

See also

Further Reading

Ectodermal Dysplasias

Introduction

X-Linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: The Role of a Signaling Pathway (OMIM 305100)

Clouston’s Hidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia: The Role of Structural Proteins (OMIM 129500)

Ectrodactyly–Ectodermal Dysplasia–Clefting Syndrome and the p63 gene: The Role of a Transcription Factor (OMIM 129900)

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Editing and Proofreading in Translation

Introduction

Editing in Aminoacylation

Editing at Ribosome

See also

Effective Population Number

Census Size and Effective Size

Variance in Reproductive Success

Multiple Generations

Two Kinds of Effective Size

Overlapping Generations

Metapopulation Ne

The Ne/N Ratio

Estimating Ne

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Electron Microscopy of Biological Materials

Properties of Electron Microscopes

The Fruits of Biological EM

Fixation by freeze-substitution

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Electroporation

Elongation Factors: Translation

Factors Related to Aminoacyl-transfer RNA Binding in Bacteria

Factors Related to Translocation in Bacteria

Other Factors in Bacteria

Elongation Factors in Archaea and Eukaryotes

Genetics and Evolution of Elongation Factor Genes

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Embryonic Development of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Introduction

Anatomy of the C. elegans Embryo

Timing of C. elegans Embryonic Development

Polarity and Establishment of the A/P Axis

Cytokinesis

Developmental Plasticity

Cell–Cell Interactions Define the Dorsoventral and the Left–Right Axes

Mechanisms Used to Generate Tissues and Organs

Cell Biology of Morphogenesis

Methods Used to Examine C. elegans Embryos

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Embryonic Development, Mouse

Early Embryonic Development Is Highly Plastic

Embryonic Differentiation and Postimplantation Development

See also

Embryonic Stem Cells

The Isolation and Properties of Embryonic Stem Cells

The Potential Exploitation of Pluripotence

Maintaining ES Cells in Culture

The Core Modulators of Pluripotence

The Epigenetic Regulation of ES Cells

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

End Labeling

See also

Endonucleases

See also

Endosymbiotic Theory

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Enhancers

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Enzymes

See also

References

Epidermal Growth Factor

Cell Biology of EGF

Clinical Application: Anti-EGF Therapy

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Epigenetics

Introduction

Epigenetic Control in Eukaryotes

Epigenetic Control in Bacteria

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Episome

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Epistasis

Introduction

Biochemical Epistasis

Statistical Epistasis

Epistasis in Population Genetics

Future of Epistasis

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Epstein–Barr Virus

Introduction

Viral Expression Phenotypes

Immune Responses

Disease Association

Further Reading

Equilibrium

Introduction

Mathematical Criteria

See also

Equilibrium Population

Populations in the Absence of Selection

Populations Undergoing Selection

Stationarity in Finite Populations

Applicability of Equilibrium Concepts

Applicability of This Type of Equilibrium Points

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

erbA and erbB in Human Cancer

erbA

erbB

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Error Catastrophe

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Escherichia coli

Introduction

E. coli and Its Life

How E. coli Became a Paradigm for Genetic Studies

Inheritance in E. coli

Current Genetic Studies in E. coli

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Ethics and Genetics

Introduction

Should Genetic Information Be Treated Differently from Other Medical Information?

Genetics and Privacy

Genetics and Medical Care

Nonmedical Use of Genetic Information

DTC Genetic Testing

Population Biobanks

Intellectual Property and Genetics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Ets Family

Introduction

Evolutionary Relatedness

Biological Importance

Regulation of Ets Transcription Factors

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Euchromatin

See also

Eukaryotes

See also

Eukaryotic Genes

See also

Eukaryotic Transcription Factors

Introduction

DNA Binding

Activation of Transcription

Repression of Transcription

Coactivators and Corepressors

Regulation of Transcription Factors

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Euploid

See also

Glossary

Evolution

Introduction: Descent with Modification and Darwinian Fitness

The Modern Theory: An Expanded Synthesis

Modes of Speciation

Mass Extinctions and Evo-Devo

Evolutionary Biology: A System of Theories

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Evolutionarily Stable Strategy

See also

References

Evolutionary Rate

Genotypic Change

Molecular Clock

Phenotypic Change

Is the Rate of Evolution Constant?

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Evolutionary Trees

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Evolution: Bacteria

Mutation: The Raw Material of Evolution

The Dynamics of Evolution

Parallelism and Chance

The Evolution of Evolvability

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Evolution: Eukaryotes

The Puzzle of Eukaryote Complexity

Eukaryotes: Archaeal Molecular Biology with Eubacterial Biochemistry

Endosymbiotic-Derived Organelles Are a Hallmark of Eukaryotic Cells

Mitochondrion or Phagocytosis First?

Were All Eukaryote Features Associated with a Single Transitional Event?

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Evolution of Altruism

The Paradox of Altruism

Individualist versus Collective Representations of Altruism

The Definitions of Altruism

The Conditions for the Evolution of Altruism

The Self-Recognition of Altruism

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Evolution of Gene Families

Genomic Complexity Increases by Gene Duplication

Three Main Ways of Gene Duplication

How Duplicated Genes Diverge?

Concerted Evolution via Genetic Exchange between Duplicated Gene Copies

Interplay between Gene Conversion and Natural Selection

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Evolution: Viruses

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

EWS

EWS Is Encoded by the Ewing’s Sarcoma Breakpoint Region 1

EWS Is Part of a Family of Genes Frequently Rearranged in Sarcoma and Leukemia and Predisposing to Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

EWS Plays a Role in Transcription and Posttranscriptional RNA Processing

EWS Functions in Recombination, Repair, and Cellular Longevity

Structure–Function Relationship of EWS

see also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Exchange

See also

Excision Repair

DNA Damage

General Comments on DNA Repair

Excision Repair in E. coli

Excision Repair in Mammalian Cells

See also

Further Reading

Exonucleases

See also

Expression Vector

See also

Expressivity

See also

F

F1 Generation

See also

F1 Hybrid

Introduction

Genetic Basis of F1 Hybrids

Production of F1 Hybrids in Plants and Animals

Advantages

Disadvantages

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

FAB Classification of Leukemia

Introduction

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Chronic Myeloid Leukemias

Chronic Lymphoid Leukemias

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Fabry Disease (α-Galactosidase A Deficiency)

Overview, Inheritance, and Frequency

Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Molecular Genetics

Treatment

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

1-, 2-, 3-Factor Crosses

1-Factor Crosses

2-Factor Crosses

3-Factor Crosses

Tetrad Analysis

Variations on Mendel’s Rules

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Introduction

FH – Treatment and CHD Risk

FH Diagnosis Using Molecular Methods

Cascade Testing

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Fanconi Anemia

General Description

Prognosis and Treatment

Genetic Basis, Prevalence, and Carrier Frequencies

Cellular Features

Molecular Basis

Animal Models of FA

Major Unanswered Questions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Fate Map

See also

Favism

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

F-Duction

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Feline Genetics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Female Carriers

Introduction

Pedigree Analysis

Pitfalls in Pedigree Analysis

Gonadal Mosaicism

Carrier Tests

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Feral

See also

Fertilization

Introduction

In Vitro Fertilization

See also

Fertilization, Mammalian

Introduction

Egg Development

Sperm Development

Eggs and Sperm in the Oviduct

Binding of Sperm to Unfertilized Eggs

The Acrosome Reaction

Penetration of the ZP by Sperm

Fusion of Sperm and Egg

Prevention of Polyspermy

Final Considerations

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Filamentous Bacteriophages

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Filial Generations

See also

Filter Hybridization

See also

First and Second Division Segregation

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

FISH (Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization)

See also

Fisher, Ronald A.

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Fitness

Definition

Historical Overview

Components of Fitness: Inclusive Fitness

Adaptation, Adaptedness, and the Propensity Interpretation of Fitness

On Population Fitness

See also

References

Fix Genes

Introduction

Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation

The FixL–FixJ Regulatory Cascade

The FixK Transcriptional Regulator

The FixT Repressor

Variations in the Fix Regulatory Pathway

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Fixation Probability

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Flagella

Number of the Flagellar Genes

Flagellar Gene Clusters

Gene Regulation for Peritrichous Flagella

Gene Regulation for Polar Flagella

Lateral Flagella

Substrate Specificity Switching

Multiple Genes for Flagellin

Perspective and Prospect for Future Research

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

FLI1 Oncogene

Characteristics of Transcription Factor Fli1

Fli1 Functions as a Proto-oncogene in ESFT

Role of Fli1 in Hematopoietic Cells

Role of Fli1 in Autoimmune Diseases

Impact of Fli1 on Endothelial Integrity

Role of Fli1 in Fibrosis

Impact of Fli1 Deficiency on the Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Flower Development, Genetics of

Essentials of Flower Developmental Genetics

Floral Induction

Floral Meristem Formation

Flower Formation and Floral Organ Development

Future Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Flp Site-Specific Recombination System

Flp Site-Specific Recombinase

The Biological Source of Flp and Its Functions

The Flp Active Site and Recombination Mechanism

Structures of Flp in Association with DNA in a Recombination Synapse

Half-of-the-Sites Activity; Holliday Junction Isomerization

Geometry, Topology, and Chirality of Recombination

Difference Topology

Chemistry and Stereochemistry of Flp Recombination

Extra Catalytic Roles of the Flp Active Site

Cryptic RNase Activities within the Flp Active Site

Applications of Flp in Basic Biology and Biotechnology

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Fluctuation Test

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

FMS Oncogene

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Foldback DNA

Follicular Lymphoma

Introduction

Epidemiology

Clinical Symptoms

Pathogenesis

Pathology and Histological Diagnosis

Prognosis

Therapy

Clinical Management

Laboratory Assessment of Therapy Response: Analysis of Minimal Residual Disease

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Footprinting

See also

Ford, Charles

See also

References

Forward Mutations

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Forward Mutation Tests

Forward Mutation Tests, Determining the Origin of Mutations

Using Forward Mutation Tests to Study How Mutations Are Produced

Descriptions of Useful Forward Mutation Tests

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Fosmid

See also

Relevant Websites

Founder Effect

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Fragile Chromosome Sites

Introduction

Common Sites

Rare Fragile Sites

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Fragile X Syndrome

Genetics and Inheritance

Clinical Features

Pathophysiology

Treatment

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Frameshift Mutation

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Frequency-Dependent Selection

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Frequency-Dependent Selection as Expressed in the Rare Male Mating Advantages

See also

Further Reading

Fruiting Body

Why Do Myxobacteria Construct Fruiting Bodies?

Starvation Induces Production of Fruiting Bodies

Sensing the Starvation Signal

Starving Cells Construct FBs by Coordinating Their Movements and Communicating Their Positions to One Another

The Quiescent Myxospore

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Functional Genomics

See also

Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection

Introduction

The ‘Classical’ Interpretation of the Theorem

The Modern Interpretation

The Biological Relevance of the Theorem

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Fungal Genetics

Introduction

Reproduction and Genetic Recombination in Fungi

Genes and Genomics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Fungi

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Fusion Gene

Introduction

History

Current Uses

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Fusion Protein

Introduction

History

Uses of Fusion Proteins

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

G

G1

See also

G2

See also

Galactosemia

Introduction

Transferase-Deficiency Galactosemia

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Galton, Francis

Introduction

Heredity: Conceptual

Methods in Population Studies

Galton’s Influence

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

Galton’s Law of Ancestral Heredity

Ancestral Inheritance

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Gametes

Animals

Variations in the Form of Gametes in Other Organisms

See also

Gametes, Mammalian

Introduction

Gametogenesis

Mammalian Gamete Diversity

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gametic Disequilibrium

Introduction

Measures of Gametic Disequilibrium

Haplotype Homozygosity as a Measure of Gametic Disequilibrium

Gametic Disequilibrium Is Not a Monotonic Function of Physical Length

Applications of Measurement of Gametic Disequilibrium

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Gametogenesis

Introduction

Gametogenesis in Animals

Gametogenesis in Plants

Gametogenesis in Simple Eukaryotes

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Gamma Distribution

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Gastroenteropancreatic and Bronchopulmonary Neuroendocrine Neoplasms, Genetics of

Background

Origin of GEP and BP NENs

Mechanisms of Transformation

Molecular Analyses

Family Cancer Studies and Genetic Syndromes

Concluding Comments

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gaucher’s Disease

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

G-Banding

See also

Gel Electrophoresis

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Summary

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Gene

See also

Gene Action

See also

Gene Amplification

See also

Relevant Website

Glossary

Gene and Operon Fusions

Introduction

Monitoring lac Gene Expression

LacZ as a Reporter

Transcriptional or Operon Fusions

Translational or Gene Fusions

Methods of Constructing Fusions

Uses of Fusions

Variations on a Theme

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gene Cassettes

Gene Cassettes and Integrons

Structure of Gene Cassettes

Cassette Movement

Cassettes Congregate in Integrons

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gene Conversion

Related Aberrant Segregation Ratios

Conversion Results in Nonreciprocal Recombination

Conversion Gradient

Aberrant Segregation and Crossing-Over

DSBs and Conversion

Conversion Initiated by Single-Strand Gaps?

Meiotic Conversion Separable from Crossing-Over

Other Occurrences of Conversion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

Gene Dosage

See also

Gene Duplication

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gene Expression

Transcription

Translation

Posttranslation Steps in Gene Expression

See also

Gene Family

Origins and Examples

Tandem Families of Identical Genetic Elements

See also

Gene Flow

Introduction

Elaboration

Some Generalizations Concerning Gene Flow

Direct Measurement of Gene Flow

Inference from Genetic Data

Caveats Concerning the Relationship of Fst to Nm

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gene Frequency

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Gene Insertion

Gene Interaction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Gene Library

See also

Gene Mapping

The Detection of Recombination within Genes

Mapping by Recombination Frequency

The Use of Flanking Markers

Deletion Mapping

The Principle of Collinearity

See also

References

Gene Number

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Gene Pool

Gene Pool and Natural Populations

Gene Pool, Supraspecific Grouping, and Plant Breeding

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gene Product

See also

Gene Rearrangement, Eukaryotic

The Genome Architecture of Ciliates

Genome Arrangement in Plants

Generation of Diversity in the Vertebrate Immune System

Karyotype Variability: Giardia

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gene Rearrangements, Prokaryotic

Stochastic Rearrangements

Developmentally Regulated Gene Rearrangements in Bacteria

See also

Further Reading

Gene Regulation

Introduction

Eukaryotic Gene Transcription

Enhancer cis-Acting Elements and Transcription Factors

Chromatin Modification and High-Order Chromatin Structure

Posttranscriptional Regulation of Gene Expression

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gene Silencing

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gene Substitution

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gene Therapy, Human

See also

References

Gene Trapping

Introduction

Enhancer Trapping

Exon Trapping

PolyA Trapping

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Gene Trees

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Genetic Alzheimer’s Disease

Introduction

β-amyloid

APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2

APOE

Modifier or Risk Genes

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genetic Code

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genetic Colonization

Genetic Colonizations Associated with Climate Change

Genetic Colonizations by Invading Species

Genetic Colonizations in Species with Metapopulations

Founder Effect

See also

Further Reading

Genetic Correlation

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Genetic Counseling

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genetic Covariance

An Introduction to Genetic Covariance

Why Should the Molecular Biologist Care about Covariance?

The Relationship between Site-Specific Covariance and Molecular Structure

How Is Covariance Measured?

Covariance in RNA Molecules: A Success Story

Covariance in Proteins

Covariance of Full-Length Genes

Concluding Remarks

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Genetic Diseases

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genetic Distance

Commonly Used Distance Measures

Genetic Distance and Phylogenetic Trees

Evolutionary Relationships of Human Populations

Software

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genetic Drift

Introduction

Example

Genetic Drift and Population Size

Bottleneck and Founder Effects

Minimal Viable Population Size

Genetic Drift and Gene Flow

Genetic Drift and Evolutionary Theory

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genetic Engineering

See also

Genetic Enhancement Technologies

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genetic Equilibrium

Introduction

Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium

Mutation–Selection Balance

Overdominance

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genetic Homeostasis

What Is Homeostasis?

Populations as well as Individuals Can Be Homeostatic

Organisms May Achieve Homeostasis via Heterozygosity

Inbreeding Leads to Genetic Uniformity but Not Phenotypic Uniformity

Fluctuating Asymmetry Is Another Indicator of Poor Homeostasis

Increased Variability among Inbreds Has Practical Implications

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Genetic Load

Introduction – Definitions of a Genetic Load

The Mutational Load

The Segregational Load

The Substitutional Load

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Genetic Marker

See also

Genetic Material

See also

Genetic Migration

See also

Further Reading

Genetic Nomenclature, Bacteria

Nomenclature

Genotypes

Phenotype

Transposon Insertions

Chromosome Rearrangements

Strain Collections

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Genetics Nomenclature, Mouse

Background

Guidelines

Genes

Expressed Sequence Tags

Gene-Trap Loci

Mapped Genomic DNA Fragments

Chromosomal Anomalies

Mitochondrial Genes

Nuclear tRNA and rRNA Genes

MicroRNAs

Mutant Alleles

Mutant Phenotypes

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Spontaneous Mutations in Structural Genes

Induced Mutations in Structural Genes

Controversy

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genetic Ratios

See also

Genetic Recombination

Definitions

Genetic Mapping

Recombination and DNA Structure

DNA Repair by Recombination

Genome Engineering by Recombination

See also

Glossary

Genetic Redundancy

Introduction

Mechanisms of Genetic Redundancy

Genetic Interactions Provide an Experimental Framework for Genetic Redundancy

Genetic Redundancy as a Tool for Biology Discovery

See also

Further Reading

Genetics (as a Discipline)

Introduction

Transmission Genetics

Physiological Genetics

Population Genetics

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Genetic Translation

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genetic Variation

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Genome

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genome Analysis, YACs

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Genome Organization

Introduction

Whole-Genome DNA Sequencing

Genomes of Bacteria

Genomes of Placental Mammals

Genomes of Fish, Plants, Yeasts, Ciliates, Crustaceans, and an Ant Species

Localized Repetitive DNA Sequences in Rats, Humans, and Flies

Organization of Centromeres in Fungi, Worms, Flies, and Humans

Organization of Telomeres in Humans, Ciliates, Yeasts, and Flies

Dispersed Transposable Sequences in Humans, Flies, Plants, Worms, Yeasts, and Bacteria

Gene Numbers in Bacteria, Yeasts, Worms, Flies, Plants, Fish, and Humans

Gene Families

Pseudogenes

Orphan Genes

Gene Sizes

Summary

See also

Further Reading

Genome Relationships: Maize and the Grass Model

See also

References

Genome Size

What Is Genome Size?

C-Value Paradox

Extragenic DNA

C-Value Enigma

Phenotypic Correlates of Genome Size: The Nucleotype

Evolution of Genome Size

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genomic Libraries

Introduction

Fragmentation

Vectors for Small Inserts

Vectors for Medium Inserts

Vectors for Large Inserts

Next-Generation Libraries

The Future of Genomic Libraries

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genomics

Introduction

DNA Sequencing and Genomics

Understanding Genomics

Whole-Genome Studies

Advantages of Genomics Research

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Genotoxic Stress

Introduction

Characteristics of Genotoxic agents

Types of Genetic Damage

DNA Mutation in Cancer

Mechanisms of Genetic Damage and Carcinogenesis

DNA Repair Mechanisms

Test Systems for GS Evaluation

DNA Damage and Human Diseases

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Genotype

See also

Genotypic Frequency

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Genotyping (Subtyping) Bacteria

History of Genotyping

History of Bacterial Genotyping

Genotyping versus Subtyping

Molecular Methods

Data Analysis and Inferences

Future of Genotyping Bacteria

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Germ Cell

Overview

Germline Development

Meiosis

Gametogenesis

Imprinting in Germ Cells

Immortality and Totipotency

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker Disease

History and Characterization

Epidemiology and Genetics

Clinical Course

Neuropathology

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Giemsa Banding, Mouse Chromosomes

See also

References

Further Reading

Gilbert, Walter

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Gliomas

Introduction

Childhood Gliomas

Common Adult Gliomas

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Globin Genes, Human

Introduction

Hemoglobin Genes Are Organized in Clusters

Structure of Globin Genes and Their Clusters

How Globin Genes Are Regulated

How Human Hemoglobin Genes Evolved

Normal Variation of Structure of Globin Genes

Mutations of Globin Genes

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase’s Role in Red Blood Cell Metabolism

G6PD: Biochemistry

G6PD Deficiency: Necessary But Not Sufficient Condition for Clinical Manifestations

Biochemical Evaluation of G6PD Deficiency

G6PD: Genetics

Molecular Diagnosis of G6PD Deficiency

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glutamic Acid

See also

Glutamine

See also

Glycine

See also

Glycolysis

The Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas Pathway

The Entner–Doudoroff Pathway

Nonglycolytic Energy Generation from Glucose

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Glycosylase Repair

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Goldschmidt, Richard Benedict

See also

Further Reading

Grasses, Synteny, Evolution, and Molecular Systematics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana

Introduction

A. thaliana as a Model for the Study of Gravitropism

Gravity Sensing and Signal Transduction

Signal Transmission to the Responding Zone

The Curvature Response

Future Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Group Selection

The Origin of Group Selection

The Modern Theory of Group Selection

Group Adaptation

Summary and Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Growth Factor and Signaling Networks

Introduction

History and Background

GF and Cancer

EGFR

HER2

IGF

VEGF

GF and Stem Cells

Cross talk between GFR and Other Membrane-Bound Receptors

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

GT–AG Rule

See also

GTP (Guanosine Triphosphate)

See also

Guanine

See also

Relevant Website

Gynogenone

See also

Gyrase

Introduction

Gyrase Reaction Mechanism

Drug Inhibition of Gyrase

DNA Replication

Chromosome Segregation

DNA Compaction

Transcription

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

H

H19 Locus

Introduction

Isolation and Characterization

Expression Profile

Genomic Imprinting

Biological Functions

Molecular Mechanisms of H19-Mediated Regulation

Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Infertility

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hadulins

See also

Reference

Hairpin

See also

Hairy Cell Leukemia

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Haldane, J. B. S.

Introduction

Population Genetics

Metastable Populations

Cost of Natural Selection

Human Genetics

India

Science and Ethics

Science Popularization

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Haldane–Muller Principle

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Handedness, Left/Right

Introduction

Molecular Handedness

Developmental Handedness

Behavioral Handedness

See also

Haploid Number

See also

Haploinsufficiency

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Haplotype

See also

Hardy–Weinberg Law

Introduction

Deriving Hardy–Weinberg Proportions

Importance of Hardy–Weinberg Proportions

Applications of the Hardy–Weinberg Law

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Harlequin Chromosomes

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Heat Shock Proteins

Introduction

Twenty-Five Years from the Thermally Induced Puffs in Polythene Chromosome to the Chaperone

Molecular Chaperones

Heat Shock Response

Regulation of the Heat Shock Response

The World of ‘Stress Proteins’

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Helicases

Helicases Participate in All Aspects of Nucleic Acid Metabolism

Biochemical Properties of Helicases

Helicases Are Nucleic Acid-Dependent ATPases but Can Be Distinguished from Translocases

Helicases Are Classified into Superfamilies but Share Core Domains

Further Classification of Helicases

Studying the Mechanism of Action of Helicases

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Helicobacter pylori

Background

Genetics of H. pylori

The Vacuolating Cytotoxin

cagA

oipA

Combinations of Virulence Factors

Evolution of H. pylori

Adaptive Evolution of H. pylori

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Helix-Turn-Helix Motif

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

Helper Phages

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Hematopoiesis

Introduction

Hematopoiesis – The ‘Hematopoietic Tree’

Hematopoiesis – The Hematopoietic ‘Niche’

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hemizygote

See also

Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn

Pathophysiology

Molecular Basis

Clinical Practice

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Hemophilia

Introduction

Population Genetics

Factor VIII Gene (F8)

Factor IX Gene (F9)

Factor VIII and Factor IX

Mutations Causing Hemophilia A

Mutations Causing Hemophilia B

Genotype–Phenotype Correlations

Mutational Heterogeneity and Its Relevance to Genetic Counseling

Treatment of Hemophilias A and B

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hereditary Diseases

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hereditary Neoplasia

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Heritability

Introduction

Magnitude

Discrete Traits

Estimation

Uses and Possible Abuses

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Hershey, Alfred

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Heteroallele

Definition

Heteroallelic Complementation

Heteroallelic Recombination

History

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Heterochromatin

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Heterochronic Mutation

Heterochronic Mutation

Developmental Timing in C. elegans

Molecular Analysis of Heterochronic Genes Led to the Discovery of MicroRNAs

Coordination of Developmental Time throughout the Organism

Developmental Timing Mutants in Other Organisms

Heterochronic Abnormalities in Humans

Relationship to Heterochrony

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Heteroduplexes

Introduction

Natural Occurrence of Heteroduplex

Making Heteroduplex in the Laboratory

Mismatch Repair

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Heterogenote

See also

Heterokaryon

See also

Heteropyknosis

See also

Heterosis

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Heterotrimeric G Proteins

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Heterozygote and Heterozygosis

Alleles and Heterozygotes in Populations

Allelic Origins in a Heterozygote

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Phenotypic Effects of Alleles in Heterozygotes

Reproductive Fitness of Heterozygotes

Heterozygote Advantage

See also

Hfr

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hin/Gin-Mediated Site-Specific DNA Inversion

DNA Inversion Systems

DNA and Protein Requirements for DNA Inversion

Assembly of the Invertasome and DNA Cleavage

DNA Exchange by Subunit Rotation

Regulation of the Hin/Gin DNA Inversion Reaction

Current and Future Research

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Hirschsprung’s Disease

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Histidine

See also

Histidine Operon

The Histidine Biosynthetic Pathway

Origin and Evolution of the Histidine Genes

Organization of the Histidine Genes

Regulation of the Histidine Biosynthesis

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Histocompatibility

See also

Histone Genes

Background

Organization

Transcriptional Control of Histone Genes

Posttranscriptional Control of Histone mRNA

Importance of Histone Gene Sequences for Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotic Nucleus

See also

Further Reading

Histones

See also

Hitchhiking Effect

See also

Further Reading

HIV Genetics

HIV Evolutionary Tree

HIV Mutagenesis and Evolutionary Genetics

Viral–Host Coevolution

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Introduction

Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hogness Box

Introduction

Structures of the Hogness Box

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Holliday Junction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Holliday’s Model

See also

Further Reading

Relevant websites

Glossary

Holocentric Chromosomes

Introduction

Mitotic Behavior

Meiotic Behavior

Chromosome Rearrangements

Evolutionary Implications

Outstanding Questions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Holophyly

See also

Homeobox Genes

Structure of the Homeodomain

Classes of Homeobox Genes

Plant Homeobox Classes

Evolution

Function

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Homeotic Genes

See also

Homeotic Mutation

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Homogeneously Staining Regions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Homologs

See also

Homology

Introduction

Homology at the Taxon Level

Origin of Homologous Characters

Homology and Homoplasy at Different Levels of Organization

Independence of Different Homologues

Recognition and Testing of Homologues

Similarity Test

Conjunction Test

Congruence Test

Homology Issues in Molecular Genetics

Issues of Analysis

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Homoplasy

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Homozygosity

Homozygosity

Genomic Runs (Blocks) of Homozygosity Record Population History and Consanguinity

Homozygosity of the MHC, HLA Class II in Alloreactivity

Homozygosity of Immunoglobulin Allotypes and Natural Killer Functions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Hordeum Species

Introduction

Origins and Phylogeny

Uses of Barley

Cytogenetics of Barley

Genetic Markers and Genetic Maps of Barley

Sequencing the Barley Genome

The Breeding of Barley

Pests and Diseases

Genetic Engineering of Barley

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Introduction

Frequency of Horizontal Transfer

Mechanisms of Horizontal Transfer

Detection of Horizontal Transfer

Trans-Domain Horizontal Transfer

Horizontal Gene Transfer between Eukaryotes

Significance

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Host-Lethal Gene

See also

Host-Range Mutant

See also

Hot Spot of Recombination

Basic Properties of Meiotic Hot Spots

Molecular Basis of Meiotic Hot Spots

Hot Spots in Prokaryotes

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Hot Spots

See also

Housekeeping Gene

See also

Hox Genes

Introduction

Hox Gene Expression Pattern

Regulation of Hox Gene Expression in the Hindbrain

Epigenetic Regulation of Hox Expression

Hox Gene Function

Hox Genes and Human Diseases

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

HTLV-1

HTLV-1-Associated Diseases

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Human Chromosome Aberrations

Introduction

Numerical Chromosome Aberrations

Structural Chromosome Aberrations

Chromosome Aberrations in Cancer

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Human Chromosomes

Human Chromosomes

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Human Genetics

See also

Further Reading

Human Genome Project

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Human Mitochondrial Genetics and Evolution

Mitochondrial DNA: Characteristics

Molecular Variation in Human mtDNA

Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeography

Pseudo-Mitochondrial Genome

Phylogeny as a Tool for Data Quality Control

Human Population Considerations in Biomedicine

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Human Prion Diseases

Introduction

Clinical Syndrome in Genetic Prion Diseases

Epidemiology

Genes

Mutations

Diagnostic Principles

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Human Sex Reversal Loci

Introduction

Genes Implicated in Both 46,XY and 46,XX DSDs

Genes Implicated in 46,XY DSDs

Genes Implicated in 46,XX DSDs

Androgen-Related Genes Implicated in DSDs

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Hunter Syndrome

Introduction

Clinical Picture

Genetics and Epidemiology

Treatment

Future Perspectives

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Huntington’s Disease

Introduction

Epidemiology and Clinical Features

Genetics

Pathology

Pathological Mechanisms

Relationships with Other Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases

Treatment Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

Huxley, Julian Sorell

Introduction

Family

Career

Research in Embryology

Huxley as Popularizer

The Evolutionary Synthesis

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Huxley, Thomas Henry

See also

Hybrid

See also

Hybrid Dysgenesis

Introduction

Nonreciprocal Induction

Hybrid Dysgenesis in Nature

Hybrid Dysgenesis-Induced Sterility

Hybrid Dysgenesis in Taxa Other Than Drosophila

Evolutionary Implications and Genetic Engineering Applications

Mechanism of Nonreciprocal Induction

Evolutionary Implications

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Hybrid Sterility

What Is Hybrid Sterility?

Why Is Hybrid Sterility Important?

What Causes Hybrid Sterility?

What Causes Haldane’s Rule?

What Is the Mechanism for Hybrid Sterility?

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hybrid Sterility, Mouse

What Does the Mouse Contribute to Hybrid Sterility Studies?

Hybrid Sterility Loci and the Dobzhansky–Muller Model

Hybrid Sterility 1 Locus Encodes the Histone Methyltransferase, PRDM9

Large X-Effect and the Role of Meiotic Sex Chromosome Inactivation

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hybrid Vigor

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hybrid Zone, Mouse

What Is a Hybrid Zone?

Tension Zones

A Case Study: The House Mouse

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hybrid-Arrested Translation

See also

Hybridization

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hybridization, Organismal

Introduction

Hybridization Rates

Hybridization and Hybrid Zones

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hydatidiform Moles

Introduction

Partial Hydatidiform Mole

Complete Hydatidiform Mole

Imprinting in Hydatidiform Moles

Molar Tissue Coexisting with a Normal Fetus

Familial Recurrent Hydatidiform Moles

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Hyperchromicity

See also

Hypervariable Region

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

I

Ichthyosis

Introduction

Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis

Congenital Ichthyosis with Other Inheritance Patterns

Syndromic Ichthyoses

Discussion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Identity-by-Descent

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Idiogram

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

IGF2 Locus

The Biological Function of IGF2

Genomic Structure and Organization of the IGF2 Locus

The Regulatory Control of Genomic Imprinting

The IGF2 Locus and Diseases

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Igf2r Locus

The IGF2R Locus

Gene Nomenclature

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Illegitimate Recombination

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Imaginal Disks

General Overview

Developmental Origin and Larval Development of the Imaginal Disks

Cellular Structure of Imaginal Disks

Genetic Regulation of Imaginal Disk Development

Imaginal Disks as a Developmental Models of Epithelial Development and Biomedical Research

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Immunity: Phage, Plasmids, Transposons

See also

Immunogenetics

Introduction

Genetic Defects that Affect Lymphocyte Development or Function

Genetic Defects That Impact Development or Function of Phagocytic Cells

Defects in Cytokine Signaling

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Immunoglobin Superfamily

The Origins of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily

What Is an IgSF Domain?

How Did IgSF Domains Evolve?

What Are the Functions of IgSF Domains?

IgSF Domains and Immunity

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Immunological Tolerance

An Overview of Immunological Tolerance

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Imprinting, Genomic

Developmental Consequences of Imprinting

Genetic Studies of Imprinting in the Mouse

Imprinting in Disease

Mechanism of Imprinting

Function and Evolution of Imprinting

See also

Further Reading

In Situ Hybridization

DNA Probes Used in FISH

Other Applications of FISH

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

In Vitro Evolution

Introduction

The History of In Vitro Evolution

In Vitro Evolution: Basic Insights

In Vitro Evolution: Applied Research

Future Directions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

In Vitro Fertilization

The Early History of In Vitro Fertilization

IVF and Genetics Today

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

In Vitro Mutagenesis

Nonselective Mutagenesis

Site-Directed Mutagenesis

Primer-Directed Mutagenesis

Libraries of Mutations

Prospects

See also

Further Reading

In Vitro Packaging

See also

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

See also

Inbred Strain

Introduction

The Generation of Inbred Strains

See also

129 Inbred Strain

Glossary

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Inbreeding Depression

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Incompatibility

See also

Incomplete Dominance

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Incross

See also

Indel

See also

Independent Assortment

See also

Independent Segregation

See also

Inducer

See also

Induction of Prophage

See also

Induction of Transcription

History and General Principles

The Example of the lac Operon

Some Other Inducible Systems

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Infertility

Introduction

Genetic Infertility: Problems with Egg and Sperm Production

Infertility Associated with Reproductive Tract Abnormalities

Summary

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Influenza

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Influenza Virus

See also

Relevant Websites

Inheritance

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Inherited Rickets in Humans and Domestic Animals

Background

Defects in Vitamin D Metabolism

Renal Tubular Defects

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Initiation Factors

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Insertion Sequences

Discovery

General Structure

Occurrence and Variety

Role of ISs in Gene Transfer and Expression

ISs as Part of Transposons

IS Ends: Terminal IRs

IS Ends: Terminal Secondary Structures

Tpases: Domain Structure and Catalytic Site

Transposition Strategies

Target Specificity

Control of Transposition Activity

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Insulinoma

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Integrase

Integrase

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Integrase Family of Site-Specific Recombinases

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Integration

Integrons

Many Different Classes of Integrons

Integrons Capture Gene Cassettes

The Recombination System

Expression of Cassette-Associated Genes

Class 1 Integrons: A Special Case

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Intelligence and the ‘Intelligence Quotient’

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Intelligent Design

Introduction

The Argument of Design

The Bacterial Flagellum

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Intercross

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Interference, Genetic

See also

Interphase

See also

Intersex

See also

Further Reading

Interspecific, Intraspecific Cross

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Intervening Sequence

See also

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

New Look at Protein Structure and Function

Brief Structural Classification of IDPs

Amino Acid Determinants of Intrinsic Disorder

Abundance of Intrinsic Disorder

Biological Functions of IDPs

Functional Disorder-to-Order Transitions

Fuzzy Complexes and Binding Staccato

Modification of IDP Function via Posttranslational Modifications

Intrinsic Disorder and Alternative Splicing

IDPs and Disease

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Intron Homing

Overview of Mobile Introns

Group I Introns: Intron Homing

HE Genes

Group II Introns: Retrohoming

Intron Mobility by Reverse Splicing and Retrotransposition

Applications and Biotechnology

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Introns and Exons

Diversity and Distribution

Role in Gene Expression

Mutation and Evolution

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Inversion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Inverted Repeats

See also

Glossary

Inverted Terminal Repeats

See also

Isochromosome

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Isolation by Distance

See also

Further Reading

Isoleucine, Chemical Structure

See also

Isomerization (of Holliday Junctions)

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Isotype

J

Jacob, François

Introduction

One of the Main Founders of Bacterial Genetics

The Later Work of François Jacob

Some Characteristics of François Jacob’s Work

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Jukes–Cantor Correction

Jukes–Cantor Correction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Junk DNA

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

K

Karyotype

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

kb (Kilobase)

See also

α-Ketoacids

Introduction

Structure and Biochemistry

Physiology

Genetics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Kimura Corrections

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Kimura, Motoo

Introduction

The Life of the Pioneering Scientist

The Selectionist–Neutralist Controversy

Kimura’s Dream: The Four-Step Scenario

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Kin Selection

Introduction

Kin Selection Optimizes Inclusive Fitness

Kin Selection and Social Behaviors

How Does Kin Selection Operate in Nature?

General Application of Kin Selection

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Kin Selection: Hamilton’s Theory

Exploitation and Cooperation

Kin Selection

Hamilton’s Rule and the Social Insects

Multilevel Selection

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Kinases (Protein Kinases)

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Kinetochore

Introduction

Structure

DNA Composition of Kinetochore-Associated Chromatin

Centromere-Associated Proteins

Role in Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Klinefelter Syndrome

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Knockout

See also

Khorana, Har Gobind

See also

Further Reading

Koelreuter, Joseph Gottlieb

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Kornberg, Arthur

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Kuru

Kuru

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

L

lac Mutants

See also

lac Operon

See also

Lactose

See also

Lagging Strand

See also

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste

Life and Career

Theory of Evolution

The Inheritance of Acquired Characters

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

Lamarckism

J.-B. Lamarck (1744–1829)

Nineteenth- to Early Twentieth-Century Lamarckism

Late Twentieth- to Early Twenty-First-Century Lamarckian Perspective

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Lampbrush Chromosomes

Evidence for the Read-Through Hypothesis for LBCs

Other Questions We Should Ask about Lampbrushes

See also

Glossary

Relevant Websites

Late Genes

Definition

Cascade of Viral Gene Expression and Regulation

Function

Late Gene Positions and Arrangements within the Viral Genome

Late Gene Promoters

Mechanisms Coupling Viral DNA Replication and Late Gene Transcription

‘Late’ Genes in RNA Viruses

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Lateral Signaling

Lateral Inhibition/Lateral Specification

Classic Studies of Bristle Patterning Suggested the Existence of Lateral Specification

LIN-12/Notch Signaling Mediates Lateral Specification

The Importance of Feedback Mechanisms in Lateral Specification

LIN-12/Notch Signal Transduction

Biased Lateral Signaling: Modulation of LIN-12/Notch

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Leader Peptide

See also

Leader Sequence

Transcription in Bacteria

Translation in Bacteria

Translation in Eukaryotes

Transcription and Translation of Viral mRNAs

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Leading Strand

DNA Replication Is Semiconservative

DNA Polymerases Replicate DNA in the 5′ to 3′ Direction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Least Squares

See also

Lederberg, Joshua

Introduction

Lederberg’s Early Life and Education

Focusing on Microbial Genetics

Exobiology and Studies on Biological Weapons

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Leguminosae

Introduction

Origin and Domestication of Legumes

Phylogeny and Evolution in Legumes

Cytogenetics of Legumes

Legumes: Functional Genomics to Molecular Breeding

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Lejeune, Jérôme

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Lesch–Nyhan Syndrome

Introduction

Etiology

Clinical Description

Epidemiology

Diagnostic

Genetics

Genetic Counseling

Treatment

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Lethal Locus

See also

Lethal Mutation

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Leucine

Leukemia

Introduction

Diagnosis

Therapy

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Leukemia, Acute

Introduction

Acute Myeloid Leukemias

Lymphoblastic Leukemias

Acute Leukemias of Ambiguous Lineage

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Leukemia, Chronic

Normal Hematopoiesis

Chronic Leukemias of the Lymphoid Lineage

Chronic Leukemias of the Myeloid Lineage

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Levan, Albert

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Lewis, Edward B.

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Library

See also

LIM-domain Proteins

Introduction

Classifications of LIM Domains and LIM Domain Proteins

Structures of LIM Domains

Mechanisms of Action

Group 1 LIM Proteins

Group 2 and 3 LIM Proteins

Group 4 LIM Proteins

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Line

Introduction

The Human LINE-1 Retrotransposon

LINE-1 Replication and the Mechanism of Target-Primed Reverse Transcription

Potential Beneficial Effects of LINE-1 Activity

Host-Encoded Mechanisms of Defense against LINE-1 Retrotransposition

LINE-1-Mediated Genome Manipulation in Vertebrates

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Linkage

Introduction

Detection of Linkage

Linkage to a Centromere

Linkage Maps

Linkage in Prokaryotes

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Linkage Disequilibrium

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Linkage Group

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Linkage Map

Introduction

Construction of Linkage Maps

Composite Linkage Maps

Utilizing Human Linkage Maps

Integration of Human Linkage Maps with Genes and Physical Maps

Utilizing Mouse Linkage Maps

Using Linkage Maps for Defining Homology Relationships

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Linker DNA

See also

Lipomas and Leiomyomas

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Little, Clarence Cook

See also

Further Reading

Relevant websites

LMO Family of LIM-Only Genes

Discovery of the LIM-Only Genes

The LIM-Only Gene Family and Proteins

LIM-Only Protein Structures

LMO Proteins Function as Transcriptional Regulators in Development

LMO Proteins and Cancer

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Locus

See also

Glossary

LOD Score

See also

Long-Period Interspersion

See also

Long Terminal Repeats

See also

Glossary

Loss of Heterozygosity

Genetic Alterations and Tumorigenesis

Sources of Heterozygosity and their Detection

LOH and the Location of Tumor Suppressor Genes

LOH Analysis and Clinical Research

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Lotus japonicus: A Model Plant for the Legume Family

The Model Plant Features

Symbiosis

Genetics of Symbiotic Pathways

Translational Genetics and Genomics

Genome and Proteome Resources

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Lung Cancer, Chromosome Studies

Introduction

Cytogenetic Analysis

Common Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Lung Cancer

Clinical Relevance of Chromosomal Abnormalities

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Luria–Delbrück Experiment

Luria–Delbrück Experiment

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Luria, Salvador

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Lutheran Blood Groups

Introduction

The Lutheran Gene (BCAM) and the Lutheran Glycoproteins (CD239)

The Lutheran Antigens

Lutheran Deficiency Phenotypes

Lutheran Antibodies

Functional Aspects of the Lutheran Glycoproteins

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Lysenko, T. D./Lysenkoism

Lysenko

Lysenkoism

Soviet Genetics and Politics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Lysine

Lysis

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Lysogeny

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Lysozyme

See also

Further Reading

M

Macronuclear Development, Ciliates

Conjugation

DNA Rearrangements during Macronuclear Differentiation

The Control of Macronuclear Differentiation

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Macronucleus, Ciliates

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mammalian Genetics (Mouse Genetics)

Mice Are the Ideal Mammalian Model Organism

Beyond Genetic Similarities: Mice as Ideal Genetic Model Organisms

High-Resolution Genetic Maps

Mapping of New Mutations

Loss of Function of a Gene through Homologous Recombination

Conditional Deletion of a Gene Can Overcome Early Lethality

From LoF to GoF: A Necessary Step to Verify the Function of a Gene

Analyzing Gene Networks through Mutagenesis and Expression Profiles

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Map Distance, Unit

See also

Glossary

Map Expansion

Introduction

Explanations for Map Expansion

Misuse of ‘Map Expansion’

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Mapping Function

Haldane’s Mapping Functions

Haldane’s No-Interference Function

Haldane’s Interference Function

Other Mapping Functions

Circular Functions

Functions and Chromosomes

See also

Glossary

Further Reading

Mapping Panel

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Marfan Syndrome

Introduction

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Prevalence

Cause

Management

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Marker

See also

Glossary

Marker Effect

See also

Glossary

Marker Rescue

See also

Masked mRNA

See also

Maternal Effect

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Maternal Inheritance

What Is Maternally Inherited?

How Is It Inherited?

Maternal Inheritance versus Maternal Effects

Evolutionary Consequences of Maternal Inheritance

Medical Implications of Maternal Inheritance

See also

Further Reading

Mating Types

See also

Mating-Type Genes and Their Switching in Yeasts

The Homothallism Phenomenon of Yeast

The Pattern of Switching in Cell Pedigrees Is Highly Regulated

Site-Specific DNA Transposition Mechanism of Cell-Type Switching

The DSB Initiates MAT/mat1 Gene Transposition

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Maximum Likelihood

Maximum Likelihood Estimator

Hypothesis Testing Using Maximum Likelihood

Profile Likelihood

Application to Linkage Analysis

Application to Population-Based Genetic Association Studies

Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Analysis

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

MC29 Avian Myelocytomatosis Virus

MC29 Avian Myelocytomatosis Virus

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

McClintock, Barbara

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Medicago truncatula

Medicago truncatula: A Model Legume

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Meiosis

Why Meiosis?

Initiation of Meiosis

Meiotic Cell Division

Evolution of Meiosis

Meiosis in Mammals

Meiotic Errors

Glossary

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Meiotic Drive, Mouse

Mouse t Haplotypes

Other Examples of Meiotic Drive

Deviation from Mendelian Inheritance

See also

Glossary

Meiotic Product

See also

Melanoma, Cytogenetic Studies

General Overview of Cytogenetic Abnormalities Detected in Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma

Differences in Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetic Findings among Various Types of Cutaneous Melanoma

Cytogenetic Findings in Intraocular Uveal Melanoma

Clinical Usefulness of Cytogenetics in Melanoma

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Melting Temperature (Tm)

See also

Mendel, Gregor

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mendelian Genetics

See also

Mendelian Inheritance

See also

Mendelian Population

See also

Mendelian Ratio

See also

Mendel’s Laws

Introduction

Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics

Influences on Mendel

Mendel’s Early Life

Mendel’s Paper

Choosing Traits to Follow

The First Generation from the Hybrids, and Beyond

Tracking More Than One Trait

Mendel’s Conclusions

Mendel Is Ignored, Then Rediscovered

Influences on Mendelian Ratios

A Molecular View of the Traits Mendel Studied

Mendel’s Laws Today

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Meselson–Radding Model

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Website

Glossary

Meselson–Stahl Experiment

See also

Glossary

Messenger RNA

The Genetic Code

Transcription

Processing of the Transcribed RNA

mRNA Binding to Ribosomes

Reading Frame and Usage of the Genetic Code

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

MET

Discovery of MET and Its Ligand, HGF

MET Signaling Transduction Regulated by Down-Streamed Adaptor Molecules

Organogenesis and Tissue Homeostasis via Endogenous HGF–MET Pathway

Gain of MET Function by HGF for Regeneration Therapy

Loss of MET Function by HGF Antagonists for Antitumor Therapy

Summary and Perspective

Further Reading

Glossary

Metabolic Disorders, Mutants

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Metacentric Chromosome

See also

Glossary

Metagenomics

Samples

DNA/RNA Isolation

Sequencing

Special Cases

Data Analysis

See also

Glossary

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Methionine

See also

Metric, Manhattan

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Metric, Ultra

See also

Further Reading

Metrics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

MIC and MIC-M Classifications of Leukemia

See also

Microarrays

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Microbial Genetics

The Power of Microbial Genetics

The Activities of Microbial Genetics

Genetics Beyond E. coli

Mutagenesis and Phenotype

Mapping

Complementation

Reversion and Second-Site Suppression

Epistasis and Pathway Analysis

Analysis of Regulons and Regulatory Circuits

Genomics

See also

Further Reading

Microbial Genetics: F Factor

Introduction and Early History

General Features of the F Plasmid

Conjugative F Plasmid Transfer

Concluding Remarks

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Microbial Genomics

Introduction

Microbial Genome Sequencing and Annotation

Current Applications of Genomic Data

Future Applications for Genomics

Conclusions

See also

References

Relevant Websites

Microchromosomes

Introduction

Evolution of Microchromosomes

Microchromosome Genomics and Dynamics

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Microcomplement Fixation

See also

Further Reading

Microinjection

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Micronucleus, Ciliates

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Microsatellite

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Microtubules

See also

Minicells

See also

Minichromosome

See also

Minimal Residual Disease

Introduction

Hematological Malignancies

Solid Tumors

Implications for Treatment

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Minimum Change

See also

References

Minisatellite

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mismatch Repair, Long/Short Patch

Introduction

Escherichia coli Long-Patch MMR

Human Long-Patch MMR

MMR and DNA Damage Response

MutY (MYH) Repair Pathway

Repair of Deaminated 5-Methylcytosine

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mistranslation

Errors in Translation

Antibiotics and Mutations Which Influence Error Frequency

Alternative Readings of Standard Code

See also

Mitochondria

Structure

Function

Biogenesis

Evolutionary Origin

Varieties of Mitochondria: Mitochondria-Related Organelles

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mitochondria, Genetics of

Cellular Basis of Life

Mitochondrial Genomes

Inheritance

Unusual Features

Mitochondrial Proteins

Evolution

Cellular Communication

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mitochondrial DNA

Isolation

Form

Size and Copy Number

Gene Organization

Evolutionary Origin

Inheritance and Usage

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mitochondrial Genetics/Evolution

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mitochondrial Genome

Function

Mitochondrial Genes

Genetic Code

Gene Expression

Evolutionary Origin

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mitochondrial Inheritance

Introduction

Mitochondrial Bottleneck

Evolution of Organelle Uniparental Inheritance

Doubly Uniparental Inheritance

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Mitochondrial Mutants

Fungi

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

Humans

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mitosis

Overview of Mitosis

NEBD Marks the Onset of Mitosis

Chromosomes

Microtubules

Centrosomes

Regulation of the Mitotic Cell Cycle Phases

Mitotic Asymmetry

Mitotic Abnormalities in Disease Like Cancer

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

MLL

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Molecular Chaperones

Introduction

Protein Folding by Chaperonins

Protein Remodeling by Hsp70/DnaK

Protein Activation by Hsp90

Protein Unfolding and Disaggregation by Clp/Hsp100 Chaperones

Protection from Irreversible Protein Aggregation by sHsps

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Molecular Clock

Discovery

Global Clock and Local Clocks

Molecular Clock and Neutral Theory

Controversy over the DNA Clock

The Extended Concept of the Molecular Clock

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Molecular Drive

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Molecular Genetics

See also

Monochromosomal Somatic Cell Hybrids

See also

Monocistronic mRNA

See also

Monoclonal Antibodies

Background

Monoclonal Antibodies from Plasmacytomas

Monoclonal Antibodies from Epstein–Barr Virus-Transformed cells

Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal Antibodies from Libraries of Genes and Gene Segments

Monoclonal Antibodies from Synthetic Libraries

See also

References

Monod, Jacques

See also

Further Reading

Monomorphic Locus

See also

Monophyly

See also

References

Monosomy

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Morgan, Thomas Hunt

Further Reading

Morpho-Agronomic Traits

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

MOS

See also

Further Reading

Mosaicism in Humans

Origins of Mosaicism

Timing of Mosaicism

Development of Mosaic Embryos

Chromosome Specific Factors

Mosaicism in Pre-Implantation Embryos

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mouse

The Strategy

Inbred Strains

Crosses

Selection

Chromosomal Aberrations

A Specific Disease Analogy

Specific Gene Homologies or Analogies

Other Models

Advanced Protocols

Nomenclature

Breeding Systems

Record Keeping and Colony Management

Cryobiology

Informatics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Mouse Genetics

Historical Overview

Transgenesis and Targeted Mutagenesis

Forward Genetic Screens

Sequence of the Mouse Genome and Inbred Strains

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mouse Leukemia Viruses

Basic Virology

Host–Virus Interactions

MLV and Neoplasia

MLVs as Genetic Vectors

Vaccination against MLV

Future Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Mouse Sex-Reversed Rearrangement

Introduction

Sxr Mutation

Ods Mutation

An Atypical Sex Determination System

Mouse Genetic Background Impact

Mouse Transgenic Models

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

mtDNA

See also

Mucopolysaccharidosis

Introduction

Mechanism of Disease in MPS

Features of Specific Types of MPS

Treatment for MPS

Clinical Manifestations of Neurological Disease

Clinical Manifestations of Bone and Joint Disease

Clinical Manifestations of Cardiovascular Disease

Other Clinical Manifestations

Therapies under Development

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mule

See also

Muller, Hermann J.

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Muller’s Ratchet

Introduction

A Broader View of Muller’s Ratchet

Using the Ratchet Idea with Asexual Recombination and Assortment

Further Reading

Multicopy Plasmids

See also

Multifactorial Inheritance

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Multiplicity of Infection

MOIinput, an Estimation of Limited Utility

MOIactual, a Better but More Complicated Calculation

Poisson Distribution

Experimental Determination of MOI

Killing Titers

The Problem of Clumping

More Problems with MOI, Particularly MOIinput

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Multisite Mutation

See also

Murine Plasmacytomas

Introduction and Objectives

Characterization of Human and Murine Plasma Cells

Mechanisms of Transformation and Cellular Origin of PCNs

Identification of Cellular Origins of PL, APCT, and Plasmacytic PCT

Summary and Future Directions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mus musculus

Origin and Differentiation

Evolution in Association with Humans: Secondary Expansion

Secondary Admixture, Hybridization, and Reproductive Isolation

Laboratory Strains and the Wild Reservoir of Genetic Variability

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Mus musculus castaneus

Taxonomy and Phylogeography

Secondary Expansion and Admixture

Contribution to Laboratory Strains

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Mus spretus

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Muscular Dystrophies

Introduction

Congenital Muscular Dystrophy

Distal Muscular Dystrophy

Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy

Emery–Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy

Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy

Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies

Myotonic Dystrophy

Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mutagenic Specificity

Introduction

DNA Damage

Replication Fidelity at DNA Damage

DNA Repair as a Source of Specific Mutation

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Mutagens

Mutagens Damage DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPs), and Inhibit DNA Repair Enzymes

Endogenous Mutagens: Oxygen, Water, and Alkylating Agents

Exogenous (Environmental) Mutagens

Detecting Mutagens

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Mutant Allele

See also

Mutation

What is a Mutation?

What Kinds of Mutations Occur and What are their Consequences?

Base-Substitution Mutations

Addition or Deletion Mutations

Inversions and Complex Mutations

Large Deletion/Addition Mutations

Chromosomal Mutations

How Frequently Do Mutations Occur?

Why Mutations Occur

Examples of How Mutations Can Occur

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Mutational Analysis

Mutational Analysis of Identified Sequence Variants

Mutational Analysis to Examine Protein Structure and Function

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mutational Site

See also

Further Reading

Mutation, Back

See also

Mutation Frequency

See also

Mutation, Leaky

See also

Mutation Load

See also

Mutation, Missense

See also

Mutation, Nonsense

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mutation, Null

See also

Mutation Rate

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Mutation, Silent

Traditional Interpretation of Silent Mutations

Synonymous Mutations Are Not Always Silent

Evolutionary Significance

Application of Silent Mutations

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mutation, Spontaneous

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Mutator Phenotype

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Mutators

See also

Myb Oncogene

Myb Family Proteins

c-Myb Is a Critical Regulator of the Hematopoietic Hierarchy

c-Myb Is Directly Linked to Leukemogenesis

Other Tissues in which c-Myb Normally Plays a Role and Can Be Implicated in Oncogenesis

Altered c-Myb Activity Is Linked to Many Diseases in Addition to Cancer

Regulation of c-Myb Functional Activity

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Myxococcus Genetics

Genetic Tools

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Myxoid/Round Cell Liposarcoma

Definition

Characteristics

Genetics

Etiology

Diagnostics

Treatment

Prognosis

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

N

N2, N3, N4, etc.

See also

Nägeli, Carl von

See also

Glossary

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Nathans, Daniel

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Natural Selection

Darwin, Wallace, and the Theory of Natural Selection

Genetic Consequences of Natural Selection

Selection on Continuous Traits

Detecting Natural Selection

Levels of Selection

See also

Further Reading

Nature–Nurture Controversy

Introduction

Roots of the Controversy

Polarization in the Political and Policy Arenas

Dialectic Reconciliation

Cancer: A Prototype for a Complex Systems Approach

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Nearly Neutral Theory

History

Verification of the Nearly Neutral Theory by Comparison of Nonsynonymous and Synonymous Substitutions

DNA Polymorphisms

Robustness of Gene Regulation

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Negative Complementation

See also

Negative Interference

Bacteriophage Crosses

Meiosis

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Negative Regulators

See also

Negative Supercoiling

See also

Neoteny

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Network

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Neu Oncogene

Neu Oncogene

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Neurofibromatosis

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Neurofibromatosis Type 2

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Neurogenetics

Introduction

Animal Models in Neurogenetics

Integrative Neurogenetics

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Neurogenetics in Drosophila

Introduction

Early Years

Behavioral and Developmental Genes

An Example of the Neurogenetic Approach to Complex Behavior

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Neurogenetics of Neurotransmitter Release in Caenorhabditis elegans

Using a Free-Living Nematode to Study Neurobiology

Genetic Dissection of Neurotransmission

Neurotransmitters

Trafficking of Vesicles

Synaptic Vesicle Cycle

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Propagation of the Electrical Signal along Axons

Future

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Neuronal Guidance

Introduction

The Structure of Growth Cones

Attractive and Repulsive Guidance Forces

Guidance Molecules

Guidance Cues in Brain Repair and Genetic Disorders

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Neurosensory Specification and Development

Bmp’s and Fgf’s Transform Ectodermal Cells into Competent Neuroectoderm

Regional Expression of Transcription Factors Defines Neurosensory Domains

Identity of Neurosensory Compartments Depend on Cell Cycle Dynamics

Proliferation Can Be Divided into Three Phases

The bHLH Transcription Factors Play a Key Role in the Balance between Proliferation and Differentiation That Is Essential for Proper Cell Fate Decision Making

Dynamic Interplay among bHLH Transcription Factors both in a Given Cell and between Cells Defines and Refines Cell Fate

Transformation of Naïve Ectoderm to Neurosensory Cell Fate Decision Marks the Start of Functional Differentiation

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Neurospora crassa

Life Cycle

History

Genome Structure and Genome Defense Systems

Heterokaryons

Other Features of the Organism

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Neutral Drift

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Neutral Mutation

Dynamics within Populations

Evolutionary Dynamics

Empirical Evidence for Neutral Evolution

Related Theories

See also

Further Reading

Neutral Theory

History

Behavior of Mutants in Populations

Selective Constraint

Molecular Clock

The Neutral Theory as a Null Hypothesis for Detecting Selection

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Nick

See also

Nick Translation

See also

nif Genes

See also

Further Reading

Nirenberg, Marshall Warren

See also

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Nod Factors

Introduction

Signal Exchange in Early Stages of Rhizobium–Legume Interaction

NF Perception and Signaling Pathway

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Nodulins

See also

Nomenclature of Genetics

See also

Further Reading

Nomenclature of Human Genes

Background

Symbols and Names

Current Issues

Future Directions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Nonautonomous Controlling Elements

See also

Non-coding

Noncoding DNA

Noncoding RNA

See also

Glossary

Noncoding RNA

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Non-Darwinian Evolution

History of the Term ‘Non-Darwinian Evolution’ as Popularized by King and Jukes

The King and Jukes Argument

Responses to King and Jukes

A More Literal Definition

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Nondisjunction

Consequences of NDJ

Molecular Mechanisms of NDJ

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Introduction

Diagnosis

Therapy

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Non-Mendelian Inheritance

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Nonreciprocal Exchange

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Nonrepetitive DNA

See also

Nonsense Codon

See also

Nonsense Suppressor

See also

Nontranscribed Spacer

See also

Northern Blotting

The History of Northern Blotting

Use and Current Manifestations of Northern Blotting

Principle of the Northern Blotting Method

An Example of a Northern Blot

Interpretation of Northern Blotting Results

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Nuclear Envelope, Transport

Structure of the Nuclear Envelope

Functions of the NE

NE and Inherited Disease

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Nuclear Pores

See also

Nuclear Transfer

Somatic Cell Hybridization

Nuclear Transfer into Egg Cytoplasm

Nuclear Transfer as a Tool to Study Nuclear Reprogramming

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Nuclease

Nucleases Function in Many Processes that are Important for Life

Nuclease Classification

Nucleases in DNA Replication

Nucleases in DNA Repair and Recombination

RNases

Nucleases Used for Biotechnology

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Nucleic Acid

See also

Glossary

Nucleolar Organizer

See also

Nucleolus

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Nucleomorph Genomes

Nucleomorph Genomes

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Nucleoside

See also

Glossary

Nucleosome

See also

Nucleosome Remodelling

Changing the Chromatin Structure

Mechanisms of Nucleosome Remodeling

SNF2 Family of Chromatin-Remodeling Complexes

SWI/SNF Class

ISWI Complexes

INO80 Family

CHD/Mi-2 Family

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Nucleotide

See also

Glossary

Nucleus

See also

Glossary

Nude Mouse

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Null Hypothesis

See also

Further reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Nullisomy

See also

Nutritional Mutations

Introduction

Mutations Effecting the Utilization of Organic Compounds for the Supply of Major Elements (Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus) and Energy

Mutations Effecting Central Fueling Pathways

Mutations Effecting Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Lipids, Nucleotides, and Cofactors

Occurrence of Nutritional Mutations

Selection of Auxotrophic Mutations

Screening for Nutritional Mutants after Saturation Mutagenesis of Genomes

Intersection with Recombinant DNA Technology and Biotechnology

Expanding the Analysis of Nutritional Mutants in Humans

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

O

Ochoa, Severo

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Ochre Codon

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Ochre Mutation

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Ochre Suppressor

See also

Ohno’s Law

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Okazaki Fragment

DNA Replication Is Semiconservative

DNA Polymerases Replicate DNA in the 5′ to 3′ Direction

Discontinuous Replication Generates Okazaki Fragments

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Olfaction

Introduction

Olfaction in Mammals

Olfactory Receptors

Organization of Olfactory Receptors

Olfactory Signal Transduction

Genetic Approaches to Studying Olfaction – C. elegans as Model System

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Oncogenes

Genetic Basis of Cancer

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

OncoMouse®

OncoMouse® Biology

OncoMouse® Policy Ramifications

See also

Oogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Oogenesis, Mouse

See also

Opal Codon

See also

Open Reading Frame

See also

Operators

Definition and History

Current Use of the Term and Some Examples

Multiple Operators

Some Properties of Operators

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Operon

The lac Operon

lac Regulation

The Tryptophan Operon in E. coli

Operons on a Catabolic Plasmid of Pseudomonas putida

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Organelles

Types of Organelles

Organelles of Energy Production and Oxygen Metabolism

Other Organelles

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Origin (ori)

See also

Origin of Life, Theories Of

Origin of Life: A Brief Historical Overview

Origin of Life: A Survey of Possible Scenarios

Synthetic Biology and the Empirical Approach to the Origin of Life

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Orphan Receptor

Orthology

See also

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Introduction

Clinical Presentations and Features

Nondeforming OI with Blue Sclerae (OI Type I)

Common Variable OI (OI Type IV)

Progressively Deforming OI with Normal Sclerae (OI Type III)

Perinatally Lethal OI Syndromes (OI Type II)

OI with Calcification in Interosseous Membranes (OI Type V)

Syndromes with Bone Fragility or Osteoporosis Plus Additional Features

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Outbreeding

Definition

Mechanism of Outbreeding

Genetic Effect and Utilization of Outbreeding

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Outcross

See also

Overdominance

See also

Further Reading

Overwinding

See also

Ovotesticular Disorder of Sexual Development (Hermaphroditism)

Ovotesticular Disorders of Sexual Development

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Ovulation

Further Reading

Glossary

P

p120RasGAP

Introduction

Structure and Biochemistry

Aberrant Function and Human Disease

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Paedomorphosis

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Painter, Theophilus Schickel

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Palindrome

See also

Panmixis

See also

Paralogy

See also

Paramecium Molecular Evolution

Introduction

Cell Structure and Genetics

Molecular Genetics

Molecular Evolution

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Parapatric

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Paraphyly

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Parasegment

See also

Parental

See also

Parsimony

Motivation of Parsimony

Generalizations of Parsimony

Potential for Systematic Error

Applications of Parsimony

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Parthenogenesis

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Paternal Inheritance

Paternally Inherited Nuclear Factors

Paternally Inherited Cytoplasmic Components

Paternal Contributions as Revealed by Paternal Effect Mutations

Summary

See also

Glossary

Pathogenicity and Other Genomic Islands

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Pathogenicity Island Definition

PAI-Carried Virulence Genes

PAIs as Mediators of ‘Quantum Evolution’

Genomic Islands

New General Definition

Island Origins

PAI Mobility

SaPIs and Their Transfer

Conjugative Mobilization of PAIs

Converting Phages

Future Work

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Pattern Formation: An Integument Paradigm

Spatial Patterns

Temporal Patterns

Regeneration and Engineering of Patterns

Recognition of Patterns

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Pax Genes

Introduction

Protein Structure

Expression Pattern during Development

Expression Pattern during Development

Mutations, Phenotypes, and Function

Cell Differentiation and Oncogenesis

Pax Genes in Adult Tissue and Regeneration

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

pBR322

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Pearson, Karl

Karl Pearson (1857–1936)

Pearson’s Early Life and Education

Pearson’s German Wanderlust

Mechanics and University College London

Gresham Lectures and a New Statistical Methodology

Correlation, Regression, and Heredity

Pearson’s Early Hereditarian Ideas

Homotyposis and the Biometric Teas

Mendelian Distributions and The Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test

Pearson and Mendelism

Yule’s Synthesis of Mendelism and Biometry

Conclusion

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Pedigree Analysis

See also

P Elements

A Genetic Element in Drosophila

Transposition

The P Transposase Gene

P Repressor Polypeptides

Hybrid Dysgenesis

Cytotype Regulation

A P Invasion

Research Applications

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Penetrance

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Peptide Bond

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Perinuclear Space

See also

Permissive Cells

See also

Petite

See also

Glossary

P-Glycoprotein

Relationship to Other ABC Transporters

Substrate Profiles and Binding

Normal Tissue Distribution and Physiological/Pharmacological Relevance

Pgp in Cancers and Regulation of MDR Gene Expression

Mechanisms of Action

Pgp Inhibitors and Strategies for Modulating Resistance

Future Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Phage (Bacteriophage)

See also

Relevant Websites

Phage Crosses

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Phage Mu

The Mu Life Cycle

The Mature Phage

The Genetic Map and Expression of the Mu Genome

The Decision: Lysis or Lysogeny

Transposition: Conservative and Replicative

Nonrandom Integration and Transposition Immunity

Mom Modification

G Segment Inversion and Host Range Specificity

Mu as a Genetic Tool

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Phage Receptor

Introduction

Receptors, Antireceptors, and the Infection Process

Antireceptor Evolution

Receptor and Phage-Based Applications

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Phage λ Integration/Excision

Introduction

Integrase

Accessory Proteins

Tetramer Structure

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Pharmacogenomics

Introduction

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Phase Variation

Overview

Mechanisms of Phase Variation

Alterations in DNA Sequence (Genetic)

Methylation of DNA (Epigenetic)

Biological Significance of Phase Variation

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Phaseolus vulgaris (Beans)

Taxonomy and Genetic Resources

Production

Genetics and Genomics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Phenetics

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Phenocopy

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Phenogram

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Phenotype

See also

Phenotypic Lag

See also

Phenotypic Mixing

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Phenylalanine, Chemical Structure

See also

Phenylketonuria

Introduction

Classification of PKU

Biochemistry

Genetics

Diagnosis

Clinical Outcome

Treatment

Nondietary Treatments

Monitoring the Diet

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Phi (φ)X174, Genetics of

Introduction

The Genetic Map and Its Evolution

The Genetics of Genome Replication and Packaging

The Genetics of Gene Expression

The Genetics of Particle Morphogenesis

Evolution

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Philadelphia Chromosome

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Photomorphogenesis in Plants, Genetics of

Overview

Mutants with Defective Light Responses

The Phytochromes: A Class of Dichromic Red/FR Photoreceptors

The Cryptochromes

Phototropins and Other Light Oxygen Voltage-Domain Photoreceptors

General Themes in Plant Photoreceptor Signaling

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Photoreactivation

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Photorepair

See also

Photosynthesis, Genetics Of

Photosynthesis

The Chloroplast and Its Genome

Model Organisms

Chloroplast Genetics

Photosynthesis Mutants and Their Phenotypes

The Genes of Photosynthesis

Regulation

Concluding Remarks and Perspective

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Phylogenetic Invariants

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Phylogeny

Tree Searching

Tree Construction

Networks

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Phylogeography

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Physical Mapping

See also

Piebald Trait

Human Piebald Trait

Related Disorders: Waardenburg Syndrome and Hirschsprung’s Disease

Unrelated Pigmentation Disorders: Albinism and Vitiligo

Mice and the Piebald Trait

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Pigmentation, Mouse

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Pim Family of Proto-Oncogenes

Identification

Regulation of Pim Expression

Physiological Functions of Pim Kinases

Pim Role in Tumorigenesis

Pim Kinases in Human Malignancies: Targets for Cancer Therapy

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Pisum sativum (Peas)

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Plant Development, Genetics of

Introduction

Embryonic Development

Shoot Development

Root Development

Flower Development

Conclusions

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Plant Embryogenesis, Genetics of

The Unique Nature of Plant Embryogenesis

Establishing the Embryo Body Plan: Formation of the Apical–Basal Axis

Establishment of the Shoot Apical Meristem

Establishing the Embryo Body Plan: Formation of the Radial Pattern

Future Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Plant Hormones

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Plant Root Development, Genetics and Genomics Of

Root Architecture and Development

Genetic Dissection of Root Formation

Genomic Dissection of Root Development

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria

The Rhizosphere

The Rhizosphere Effect on Soil Microorganisms

Effect of Rhizobacteria on Plant Growth

Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria

Mechanisms of Growth Promotion by PGPR

Future Prospects

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Plaques

Introduction

General Characteristics of Plaque

Plaque Formation

Enumeration Using Plaques

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Plasmid Replication

Introduction

Control by Negative Feedback

Control by Antisense RNA

Control by Limiting Initiators

Control by Iterons

Plasmid Incompatibility

Ensuring Replication

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Plasmids

General Concepts

Inheritance

Incompatibility

Conjugation

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Pleiotropy

See also

Further Reading

Glossary

Plesiomorphy

See also

Further Reading

Relevant Websites

Glossary

Ploidy

See also

Pluripotent Stem Cells

A Brief History of Pluripotency

Defining Traits of Human PSCs